The U.S. House of Representatives has passed a sweeping tax and spending bill backed by President Donald Trump, dealing a significant blow to clean energy efforts and electric vehicle (EV) incentives championed under the Biden administration.

The legislation, passed early Thursday, repeals a broad range of tax credits tied to Joe Biden’s Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), including the $7,500 EV purchase incentive that has been central to accelerating the transition to electric cars in the U.S.

The legislation, now headed to the Senate, has immediately roiled markets. While Tesla stock showed a modest recovery on Thursday morning, other EV makers, including Rivian and Lucid Motors, recorded slight declines. Major auto manufacturers like Ford and General Motors also opened lower on the stock market, reflecting investor unease over the implications of the House bill.

Major Rollback of IRA Policies

At the heart of the Trump-backed bill is the undoing of core components of the Inflation Reduction Act. The IRA passed in 2022, aimed to reduce inflation while accelerating the U.S. shift to clean energy by offering tax credits for EV purchases, clean commercial vehicles, battery manufacturing, and energy storage investments.

Under the current IRA framework, consumers could claim a tax credit of up to $7,500 for purchasing new EVs, with eligibility tied to North American manufacturing and battery sourcing requirements. The bill also allowed for credits to be applied at the point of sale starting in 2024, providing immediate financial relief to buyers.

But the new House-passed bill would terminate the consumer EV tax credit at the end of 2025—seven years earlier than originally planned under the IRA, which set the expiration for 2032.

Notably, a “special rule” tucked into the bill allows automakers that haven’t sold 200,000 EVs by the end of 2025 to continue offering credits through 2026. While that excludes legacy players like Tesla, GM, and Ford, it could buy time for younger companies like Rivian and Lucid, which are still scaling production.

The bill also eliminates the commercial clean vehicle credit, a provision that offered up to $40,000 for heavy-duty electric vehicles used in commercial fleets. Tesla’s Semi truck and other zero-emission freight solutions would no longer benefit under this revised policy, except for contracts finalized before May 12, 2025.

New EV Fees and a Gas Tax Workaround

Alongside the removal of incentives, the bill introduces new federal fees on electric vehicles, in what Republicans say is an attempt to compensate for revenue lost from gas taxes. Under the bill, the Federal Highway Administration would collect a $250 annual registration fee for EVs and a $100 annual fee for hybrids.

While critics argue the move disincentivizes EV ownership, proponents say it brings parity to road maintenance funding. Currently, 37 U.S. states already impose similar EV registration fees ranging between $50 and $250 per year.

Tesla at a Crossroads

Tesla, the biggest EV maker in the U.S., finds itself at a turning point. Shares edged higher on Thursday to $335.83 after falling 2.7% the previous day. The company’s recent rebound in May—up 18.6% for the month—has been fueled by investor optimism after a strong Q1 call, but the momentum now faces a fresh hurdle with the threat of losing federal incentives that helped fuel its growth.

Tesla has already exhausted its initial federal EV credits under pre-IRA laws, and while the IRA restructured the rules, many of its models regained eligibility. Currently, 10 Tesla models qualify for the $7,500 credit, according to the IRS.

But if the Trump bill becomes law, Tesla would lose access to this support at the end of 2025. This is particularly pressing as Tesla attempts to reinvigorate demand, which has been softening in recent quarters amid a more competitive EV market and slowing consumer uptake.

However, CEO Elon Musk remains optimistic. Speaking at the Bloomberg Qatar Economic Forum in Abu Dhabi on Tuesday, Musk downplayed the political implications.

“We’ve lost some sales perhaps on the left, but we’ve gained them on the right,” he said, referring to partisan consumer behavior. “The sales numbers at this point are strong and we see no problem with demand.”

Tesla is expected to unveil its first robotaxi as early as next month in Austin, Texas, a pivot that could further blur the lines between carmaker and tech company.

Clean Energy Storage and Manufacturing Also Hit

Beyond EVs, the House-passed bill takes aim at broader clean energy investments. It phases out the IRA’s advanced manufacturing production credit, which has been crucial in attracting new battery and solar component factories to U.S. soil.

Under the IRA, the manufacturing credit offered significant subsidies for the domestic production of battery cells, wind and solar components, and the refining of critical minerals. It was structured to phase down gradually through 2032.

But Trump’s bill proposes to eliminate the credit for wind components by 2027 and remove it entirely for other components by the end of 2031. It also restricts access to companies associated with “prohibited foreign entities”—a veiled reference to Chinese firms, which dominate global battery and rare earth markets.

Tesla has used the manufacturing credits to expand its energy storage division, including products like the Powerwall and utility-scale Megapacks.

Moreover, the bill phases out the clean electricity investment credit, a tax break for utilities and developers who invest in clean energy storage and generation. Under the new plan, the credit value would decline 20% annually starting in 2029 before ending completely by 2031.

The residential clean energy credit, which supported home solar and storage installations, is also slated to expire in 2025 under the House bill.

Investors Assess The Fallout

Analysts say the bill introduces significant policy uncertainty into a market that was just beginning to stabilize. Shares of Tesla, while showing some resilience, are still down 17% year-to-date and remain 31% off their peak of $488.54 recorded in December.

With the S&P 500 and Nasdaq in what’s known as a “power trend,” Tesla’s stock has gained technical momentum—particularly after breaking above its 200-day moving average on May 9. Yet, investors are cautioned to remain wary of volatility. Tesla’s 21-day average true range, a measure of daily price swings, stands at 5.46%, signaling elevated trading risk.

Tesla currently holds a Composite Rating of 79 out of 99, a 92 Relative Strength Rating, and an EPS Rating of 59.

The bill’s fate now rests with the Senate, where the political calculus is far less straightforward. Even if it clears the upper chamber, it’s likely to face legal challenges from environmental groups and backlash from the auto industry, which has invested heavily in building domestic EV supply chains on the back of IRA incentives.

President Donald Trump notched a major political win on Thursday after the House narrowly passed a sweeping tax and spending package that revives key parts of his 2017 economic agenda.

Dubbed the “big, beautiful bill” by Trump himself, the measure passed by a razor-thin margin of 215 to 214, marking a dramatic victory for both Trump and House Speaker Mike Johnson, R-La., after weeks of fractious intraparty negotiations and last-minute deal-making.

The bill, a sprawling multitrillion-dollar package, now moves to the Senate, where Republicans hold a majority and are expected to pass it with few changes, especially after Trump urged GOP senators to “get it done quickly.”

The legislation is anchored in an extension of Trump’s expiring 2017 tax cuts and includes a massive increase in military spending, aggressive border security funding, and provisions to support Trump’s mass deportation initiative. It also eliminates federal income taxes on tipped and overtime wages—two proposals Trump had emphasized during his reelection campaign.

But the bill also slashes funding across several domestic programs, triggering a wave of opposition from Democrats and concern from business leaders, economists, and policy analysts who argue that the legislation will deepen the national debt, further strain public services, and disproportionately benefit wealthier Americans at the expense of the poor.

An All-Night Fight and a Fragile Victory

The final vote capped a 21-hour marathon of late-night negotiations and a dramatic floor showdown. All Democrats present voted against the bill, joined by two Republicans—Reps. Thomas Massie of Kentucky and Warren Davidson of Ohio. Rep. Andy Harris, R-Md., a member of the House Freedom Caucus, voted “present,” while two GOP lawmakers missed the vote entirely.

Speaker Johnson described the bill’s path to passage as “an act of God,” recounting moments when the package nearly fell apart.

“There’s a lot of prayer that brought this together,” he told reporters after the vote. “I went to the little chapel over here and got on my knees and prayed that these guys would have wisdom and stamina.”

Economists Warn of a Debt Explosion

But outside the House floor, a more sobering tone came from corporate offices and economic think tanks. Business leaders, especially from the financial and healthcare sectors, expressed concern over the long-term fiscal implications of the bill.

Chief among those sounding the alarm is Peter Schiff, Chief Economist and Global Strategist at Euro Pacific Capital, who sharply criticized the bill’s cost structure.

“Trump claims the Big, Beautiful Bill is ‘the most significant piece of legislation signed in the history of our country.’ The only thing significant about the bill is the increase in the national debt it will produce,” Schiff said. “It’s full of gimmicks that hide the added cost of government.”

Schiff and other fiscal conservatives argue that the bill masks true costs through sunset clauses, front-loaded tax breaks, and delayed implementation of unpopular spending cuts. The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office (CBO) projected the measure will add at least $2.3 trillion to the national debt over the next decade, though that figure could rise if temporary provisions are extended—as they often are.

The CBO also estimated the bill would result in the loss of health coverage for 8.6 million Americans, mostly through cuts to Medicaid and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) while reducing household resources for the lowest-income earners by 4% by 2033. At the same time, it would increase household resources for the wealthiest 10% by about 2%.

GOP Internal Bargaining and Trump’s Pressure Campaign

To secure enough votes, Speaker Johnson made a series of concessions to different Republican factions. Conservative hardliners from the House Freedom Caucus pushed for—and won—an accelerated timeline for imposing work requirements on Medicaid recipients, now set to begin in late 2026. They also succeeded in fast-tracking the phaseout of clean energy tax credits passed by Democrats in 2022.

Moderate Republicans from high-tax states extracted a raise in the state and local tax (SALT) deduction cap to $40,000, a move seen as necessary for their political survival back home.

Still, the margin remained so tight that even minor absences threatened to derail the bill.

Trump played an active role in closing the deal. He joined a closed-door GOP conference meeting earlier in the week and later summoned key Freedom Caucus holdouts to the White House. His message was blunt: it was time to unify.

Rep. Ralph Norman, R-S.C., one of the fiscal hawks who ultimately voted for the bill said “some of the stuff we didn’t like stayed in.”

“Am I happy with the deficits? No,” Norman told reporters after the vote. “We held it out as long as we could to get the cuts, as long as we could. We couldn’t do it. We live to fight another day.”

Democrats Warn of Dire Consequences

Democrats lambasted the measure as a giveaway to the wealthy and a betrayal of vulnerable Americans. They accused Republicans of pushing through the bill “under the cover of darkness” and gutting critical social safety nets.

“Children will get hurt. Women will get hurt. Older Americans will get hurt. People with disabilities will get hurt. Hospitals will close. And people will die,” said House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries, D-N.Y., during a fiery floor speech before the vote.

Jeffries also predicted political consequences. “When the votes are ultimately cast on that first Tuesday in November next year, this day may very well turn out to be the day that House Republicans lost control of the United States House of Representatives,” he warned.

Senate Showdown and July 4 Deadline

The bill now heads to the Senate, where Republicans control the chamber and are expected to fast-track the legislation. Speaker Johnson, who lunched with GOP senators earlier in the week, urged them to make “as few changes as possible.” But even small amendments will require a second vote in the House—no easy feat given the fragile coalition that carried the bill through on Thursday.

Republican leaders say they hope to have the bill on Trump’s desk by July 4, a symbolic date Trump has touted as a celebration of “economic freedom.”

However, business leaders and economists warn that the true fireworks may come later—when the long-term fiscal costs begin to surface, and the promised benefits fail to materialize for many Americans.

“The claim that the Big, Beautiful Bill cuts taxes is a lie. The real cost of government that taxpayers must bear is total spending. Since this bill increases spending, it’s a tax hike, not a tax cut. Americans will ultimately pay the cost with higher inflation and interest rates,” Schiff added.