Thailand Actively Advancing Regulations to Integrate Digital Assets into its Financial System

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February 7, 2026

Thailand’s Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has been actively advancing regulations to integrate digital assets more deeply into its financial system.

Thailand approved its first spot Bitcoin ETF in 2024 initially for institutional investors. By late 2025, the SEC announced plans to broaden this to include other cryptocurrencies like Ethereum and potentially diversified “basket” products.

Finalized rules for these expanded crypto ETFs, along with operational guidelines like custody, liquidity, and collaboration between asset managers and licensed exchanges, are targeted for early 2026 rollout.

The regulator is working to recognize digital assets as a formal asset class under the Derivatives Act, enabling crypto futures on the Thailand Futures Exchange (TFEX). This adds derivatives-based exposure and hedging options for investors.

New regulations support tokenized assets such as real-world asset tokenization like securities, carbon credits, or renewable energy certificates, opening doors to innovative, blockchain-based investment vehicles beyond pure cryptocurrencies.

Thailand introduced a five-year personal income tax exemption through 2029 on capital gains from crypto trades on licensed platforms, aimed at attracting investors. The SEC promotes digital assets as a diversification tool, suggesting allocations of 4-5% for higher-risk-tolerant portfolios.

Additional initiatives include tokenization sandboxes and positioning crypto as part of sustainable finance. These measures collectively aim to attract institutional capital, enhance investor access through regulated traditional finance channels, and reduce direct custody risks.

The strategy competes with hubs like Hong Kong and Singapore while emphasizing regulated, mainstream integration over speculation. This positions Thailand as a progressive, regulated gateway for digital asset exposure in Southeast Asia, potentially influencing neighbors like Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia.

Recent reports from January 2026 highlight this acceleration, with the SEC centering digital assets in its 2026 capital market plan. The statement describes a market dynamic often seen in derivatives, futures, or cryptocurrency trading, particularly during crises involving short squeezes, liquidations, or settlement failures.

In normal trading, participants (buyers and sellers) are price-sensitive—they seek good deals and avoid overpaying. However, when “forced settlements” occur, certain parties become price-insensitive buyers. They must acquire the asset immediately, regardless of cost, to meet obligations.

This happens in these key scenarios: Cryptocurrency exchanges facing a “settlement squeeze”: If an exchange has issued more “paper” claims than actual coins held in reserves, and users demand withdrawals during a crisis, the exchange faces a shortfall.

To avoid default, insolvency, or legal consequences “to stay out of jail” as some analysts put it, the exchange rushes into the open market to buy the missing coins at any available price. This turns them into aggressive, price-insensitive buyers, driving sharp upward price spikes—often non-linear or explosive rallies not tied to organic adoption but to forced covering.

Recent commentary highlights this in Bitcoin contexts: rallies stem from these squeezes when spot vs. paper imbalances force exchanges to cover urgently, potentially causing 5–10x jumps in extreme cases.
Stock or equity markets.

The exchange or counterparty acts as a “forced buyer” who is price-insensitive because they must settle—leading to premiums and upward pressure, especially in illiquid stocks. In leveraged markets (crypto perps, commodity futures), sharp price moves trigger margin calls and forced liquidations.

For shorts, this means forced buying to close positions, which can cascade upward if many shorts liquidate simultaneously. While exchanges themselves rarely become direct buyers here, brokers or clearing members may step in aggressively if needed to manage risk, amplifying buying pressure.

In all cases, the key shift is from voluntary, price-aware trading to compelled, urgency-driven buying—removing normal downward price pressure and creating rapid, amplified moves higher. This mechanic explains sudden “inexplicable” pumps in volatile markets like crypto, where structural fragilities turn routine events into explosive squeezes.

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TI Partners

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February 7, 2026

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A Look At Paper Bitcoin, ETFs and MicroStrategy’s Unrealized Losses

By

Paul Ugbede Godwin

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February 7, 2026

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The distinction between Spot Bitcoin (actual, on-chain BTC held in wallets or direct custody) and Paper Bitcoin; synthetic or derivative claims like exchange balances, ETF shares, futures, lending positions, or unallocated accounts that represent exposure without necessarily backing every unit with real coins.

This split creates what many analysts call a structural supply imbalance, where aggregate claims on Bitcoin exceed verifiable on-chain reserves at certain venues.

The core idea is that “paper” instruments inflate perceived supply and liquidity, suppressing price discovery in normal conditions—but when coordination shifts and many claim-holders demand settlement, the mismatch forces aggressive spot buying, leading to sharp, non-linear price surges.

Bearer asset, final settlement on-chain, strictly capped at 21 million total supply. Scarcity is enforced by the protocol.

Paper Bitcoin expand effective tradable supply without minting new coins, often via fractional-reserve-like practices where platforms issue more claims than coins held to facilitate trading, lending, or yield products.

Exchanges or platforms can become economically short when claims > reserves reports of ~30% gaps at major venues in late January 2026. This embeds hidden leverage. In calm markets, it creates “synthetic abundance,” diluting scarcity signals and keeping prices range-bound or suppressed despite demand.

A “settlement squeeze” occurs if trust erodes and withdrawals coordinate; a classic bank-run dynamic in crypto. Platforms must buy real spot BTC to cover shortfalls, often price-insensitively. Thin order books amplify this—small shortages can cause outsized moves 5–10x in extreme hypotheticals cited by analysts.

This view draws analogies to historical fractional-reserve failures like gold/silver paper markets, Wildcat banking runs and has gained traction amid 2025–2026 volatility, ETF outflows, and corporate treasury stresses. Recent market context shows Bitcoin trading in ranges like $60k–$90k amid drawdowns, heavy ETF outflows, and on-chain data indicating portions of supply underwater.

Some analyses point to this imbalance as a latent bullish catalyst if/when settlement pressure hits, while skeptics argue spot accumulation continues and paper products provide useful liquidity without systemic breakage.

The thesis remains polarizing: maximalists see it as proof of inevitable “snap” repricing toward true scarcity; critics view it as overstated, with ETFs and derivatives maturing into efficient exposure tools rather than fraud risks.

Either way, it highlights Bitcoin’s evolving financialization—transforming from pure bearer asset to one intertwined with TradFi wrappers—and the risks when claims outpace verifiable reserves.

MicroStrategy’s “paper losses” refer to unrealized losses on its massive Bitcoin holdings. These are accounting losses that appear on the company’s financial statements due to Bitcoin’s price declining below the average price at which MicroStrategy acquired its BTC.

They are called “paper” losses because they exist only on paper—no actual BTC has been sold, and the company still holds the assets. If Bitcoin’s price recovers, these losses could turn back into gains without any action.

Strategy holds approximately 713,502 BTC, making it the largest corporate Bitcoin treasury by far about 3.4% of Bitcoin’s total supply. Around $54.26 billion invested in Bitcoin, with an average acquisition price of roughly $76,052 per BTC.

Bitcoin has dropped significantly from its late-2025 highs around $126,000 in October to levels in the $60,000–$70,000 range in early February 2026 briefly below $65,000–$67,000 in some reports. This has pushed the market value of the holdings below the cost basis in periods of weakness.

Unrealized losses: Estimates vary by exact BTC price at reporting time, but recent figures include: Around $6.5 billion unrealized loss when BTC was near $67,000. Up to $9–$9.2 billion in some analyses when BTC dipped lower.

Broader mark-to-market drawdowns from peak have erased tens of billions in paper value from over $31 billion in unrealized gains at highs to deep losses now. These losses flipped Strategy’s position from massive paper gains peaking at over $31 billion unrealized to underwater status.

Strategy adopted fair value accounting for its digital assets starting in 2025. Under this rule applied quarterly, the company marks its Bitcoin to current market value each period: In Q4 2025, this led to an operating loss of about $17.4 billion—almost entirely from unrealized losses on Bitcoin.

Net loss attributable to shareholders: Around $12.4–$12.6 billion; one of the largest quarterly losses in U.S. corporate history, comparable to some 2008 crisis hits. The core software business remains small and stable, but Bitcoin exposure dominates the balance sheet and drives headline volatility.

These are non-cash losses—no money left the company. They reflect temporary market pricing rather than operational failure. Michael Saylor and leadership has repeatedly emphasized long-term conviction, with statements like “HODL” amid the drawdown.

The company continued buying Bitcoin aggressively—even in January 2026 adding ~41,000 BTC, including smaller recent purchases like 855 BTC as prices tested the cost basis. No forced selling or margin calls have been reported, as debt is structured to handle volatility.

MSTR stock has plunged sharply, down 17–22% in recent periods, tracking BTC’s decline but amplified by leverage-like exposure, trading at varying premiums/discounts to net asset value sometimes below 1x holdings value. In short, these “paper losses” highlight Bitcoin’s volatility amplified through corporate exposure.

They pressure sentiment and stock price in downturns but align with Strategy’s high-conviction “Bitcoin treasury” strategy—betting on long-term appreciation rather than short-term price action. If BTC rebounds above the ~$76,000 average cost, the unrealized losses would reverse.

Liquidations Accelerate in Crypto Market as Leverage Unwinds

By

Paul Ugbede Godwin

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February 7, 2026

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A classic deleveraging cascade is where falling prices trigger forced closures of leveraged positions especially long bets, creating additional selling pressure that pushes prices lower in a self-reinforcing loop.

What’s Happening Right Now

The crypto market has been experiencing sharp sell-offs, with Bitcoin dropping significantly recently testing lows around $60,000–$65,000 in some reports, down roughly 50% from late-2025 peaks.

Altcoins like Ethereum, XRP, Solana, and others have faced even steeper declines due to their higher beta and leverage exposure. In the past 24 hours, total crypto liquidations have ranged from $1.4 billion to over $2.4 billion across sources like CoinGlass.

Long positions dominate the damage such as the $1.24B–$1.92B in longs vs. far less in shorts, indicating over-leveraged bulls getting flushed out. As prices breach key support levels, exchanges automatically liquidate positions via market orders.

This floods the market with sell orders, accelerating declines and triggering more liquidations—creating the “cascade” effect. This follows extreme leverage buildup (futures open interest hit highs earlier), combined with risk-off sentiment, potential macro pressures and thinner liquidity amplifying moves.

Altcoins bore the brunt in one 24-hour window, with liquidations climbing rapidly from ~$428M in an hour to over $1.4B total. Specific assets like XRP saw sharp plunges from leverage unwinds and fading risk appetite.

Bitcoin and Ethereum extended declines overnight, with liquidations hitting hundreds of millions to billions in short bursts. This isn’t necessarily driven by fundamental “new” bad news but by mechanical unwinding of overextended positions.

Such events often “reset” the market by clearing excess leverage, potentially leading to more stable recoveries once spot buying from long-term holders dominates over forced selling. The market remains highly volatile—watch for stabilization signals like reduced liquidation volumes, open interest drops indicating deleveraging completion, or spot inflows.

The ongoing liquidation cascade in the crypto market, with over $2.5 billion in positions wiped out in recent days, has put significant stress on DeFi protocols. However, the sector has demonstrated notable resilience compared to previous downturns, with total value locked (TVL) declining primarily due to falling asset prices rather than mass user withdrawals.

DeFi’s TVL has dropped to approximately $93.2 billion, reflecting a -7.67% change in the last 24 hours and broader weekly/monthly declines of 15-40% across major protocols. This isn’t a full-blown capitulation but a macro-driven risk-off environment amplified by leverage unwinds.

Key effects include increased liquidations, reduced liquidity, and contagion risks, but also highlights of protocol maturity like automated liquidations without failures. DeFi liquidations spiked to $229.9 million over the past seven days, representing about 0.45% of TVL—elevated but well below stress thresholds from past cycles

This is a fraction of the broader market’s $5 billion+ in total liquidations since late January. Lending platforms like Aave, Morpho, Compound: These bore the brunt, with Aave alone handling over $140 million in collateral liquidations across networks without any protocol issues, showcasing improved risk management.

However, synchronized thresholds across protocols like Aave, Compound, Morpho, and Spark create contagion: a price drop triggers multi-protocol cascades, as seen in past events with $431 million liquidated in a day.

Ethereum faces particular pressure from a billion-dollar leveraged position at risk on Aave, where thin liquidity could accelerate unwinds. Liquid staking derivatives (LSDs) e.g., Lido, ether.fi: Hardest hit category, with Lido’s TVL down -31.6% weekly and -36.1% monthly to $18.5 billion.

Heightened ETH exposure and forced deleveraging of staked positions amplified losses, signaling risk aversion in yield-generating strategies. DEXes and Perp Platforms Forced selling dominated DEX volumes during the January 31-February 2 crash, creating a reflexive loop: price drops ? liquidations ? more selling ? further drops

On the positive side, platforms like Hyperliquid (HYPE) saw gains from surging trading fees and liquidations, positioning them as “defensive” assets in downturns. Other protocols like Binance staked ETH (-31.9% weekly to $7 billion) and EigenCloud (-31.7% weekly to $8.7 billion) reflect broad-based capitulation, with no safe havens emerging

TVL and Liquidity Dynamics

The 12% TVL drop (to ~$93 billion) is modest relative to the market’s 20-40% price declines in major assets like ETH (-21%) and SOL (-17%). This suggests users are holding through volatility rather than exiting, thanks to conservative loan-to-value (LTV) ratios learned from events like the 2025 “Tariff Tantrum”

Severe contractions in liquid staking (-30%+ weekly) and lending (-15-20% weekly). Broader liquidity pullback: Synchronized negative performance across categories indicates macro factors over protocol-specific flaws.

Unlike past winters, DeFi’s structure has matured: no widespread failures, with protocols like Aave and Maple proving robust under stress. Transparency in positions and thresholds allows for better monitoring, though it also exposes contagion risks.

Events like this “reset” excess leverage, potentially paving the way for recoveries once spot demand returns. However, if prices continue sliding like BTC toward $50K as some warn, DeFi could face deeper TVL erosion and more cascades. This isn’t financial advice—crypto remains high-risk, and users should monitor on-chain metrics closely. If you’re trading or holding, risk management is crucial in these environments.

RBI Holds Rates at 5.25% as Trade Deals Ease External Risks, Shifting Focus to Liquidity and Transmission

By

Samuel Nwite

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February 7, 2026

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India’s central bank is signaling a prolonged pause on rate cuts, betting that trade relief from Washington and Brussels will cushion growth even as global risks mount.

India’s central bank kept its policy rate unchanged on Friday, opting for caution as newly secured trade deals with the United States and the European Union reshape the outlook for the world’s fastest-growing large economy.

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) held the benchmark rate at 5.25%, in line with expectations from economists polled by Reuters. The decision marks a clear pause after a cumulative 125 basis points of rate cuts delivered last year, with policymakers now turning their attention to how effectively those reductions are flowing through the financial system.

RBI Governor Sanjay Malhotra said global conditions remain challenging, but recent progress on trade has materially improved India’s external backdrop. “External headwinds have intensified, though the successful completion of trade deals augurs well for the overall economic outlook,” Malhotra said, adding that near-term prospects for both inflation and growth remain supportive.

Market participants read the statement as confirmation that the easing cycle is on hold for an extended period. Radhika Rao, senior economist and executive director at DBS Bank Singapore, said the central bank struck a balanced tone that points to stability rather than fresh stimulus. In her view, attention will now move squarely to liquidity conditions and policy transmission.

Malhotra reinforced that message, saying the RBI will remain proactive in managing liquidity to ensure banks have sufficient funds to meet productive demand and to support the pass-through of earlier rate cuts. That stance increases the likelihood of further open market operations over the coming quarters, a tool the central bank has used to inject durable liquidity into the system.

The pause also follows a major shift in India’s external environment. Earlier this week, U.S. President Donald Trump announced that Washington would cut tariffs on Indian exports to 18%. The move eased a key concern raised by the RBI at its previous policy meeting, when officials flagged trade uncertainty as a risk to growth.

Until the announcement, India had been facing tariffs of up to 50%, among the highest imposed by the U.S. and even steeper than those applied to China. The rollback marks a reset in trade relations between New Delhi and Washington and removes a significant drag on export-oriented sectors.

Economists say that development reduces the urgency for further rate cuts. Santanu Sengupta, chief India economist at Goldman Sachs, said the central bank is likely to hold rates for at least a year. He added that a cut might only have been considered if the U.S.-India trade deal had fallen through.

Even with borrowing costs steady, challenges remain on the bond market side. Sengupta noted that long-term yields are unlikely to ease meaningfully, as banks and insurance companies scale back purchases of government securities while supply continues to rise.

India’s borrowing plans underline that pressure. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said the government will borrow 17.2 trillion rupees, about $187 billion, in the financial year beginning April 1. The figure represents an 18% increase from the revised estimate for the current year and exceeded market expectations, raising questions about demand absorption in the debt market.

Against that backdrop, the RBI’s emphasis on liquidity management takes on added importance. With limited room for long-end yields to fall, policymakers are leaning on operational tools rather than headline rate moves to support credit conditions.

On growth, the central bank has reason for confidence. India’s latest economic survey projects expansion of 7.4% in the fiscal year ending March 2026, followed by growth of between 6.8% and 7.2% the year after. Those numbers keep India firmly ahead of its peers and extend its position as the fastest-growing major economy.

Inflation dynamics also give the RBI breathing space. Consumer inflation rose to 1.33% in December, up from 0.71% a month earlier, but remains far below the central bank’s medium-term target. The RBI now sees inflation averaging 2.1% in the current financial year, only marginally higher than its previous estimate.

Food supply conditions are expected to remain favorable in the near term, and the RBI said underlying price pressures should stay within range once volatility linked to precious metals is stripped out.

The policy decision underscores a shift in priorities. With growth resilient, inflation contained, and trade risks easing, the RBI is stepping back from aggressive rate action. Analysts believe the next phase of monetary policy will be defined less by headline cuts and more by how effectively past easing works its way through banks, bond markets, and, ultimately, the real economy.

Thailand Actively Advancing Regulations to Integrate Digital Assets into its Financial System

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