Nigeria’s gross external reserves have climbed above $47 billion for the first time in nearly eight years, marking a symbolic and strategic milestone for the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) as it rebuilds external buffers amid ongoing macroeconomic adjustments.
Latest data show reserves rising to $47.025 billion, the highest level since August 3, 2018, when they stood at $47.01 billion. The crossing of the $47 billion threshold signals not just numerical progress but a shift in the country’s external liquidity dynamics after years of volatility.
The build-up has been gradual but consistent. Reserves closed 2025 at approximately $45.5 billion, up from about $40.8 billion at the start of the year — an annual accretion of nearly $4.7 billion. The momentum strengthened toward the year-end. In December 2025, reserves rose from roughly $44.8 billion to $45 billion, at the time described as a six-year high.
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January 2026 accelerated that trajectory. Reserves opened the month at $45.565 billion and closed at $46.279 billion, reflecting a gain of more than $700 million. Within the first 22 days alone, the stock increased by about $509 million, underscoring sustained inflows and improved foreign exchange liquidity conditions. The steady climb since December 19, 2025, has now pushed reserves to their strongest level since 2018.
What is driving the reserve build-up?
Although a detailed breakdown of inflows has not yet been released, analysts point to a combination of oil-sector improvements and policy-driven reforms.
Improved crude oil production and firmer export receipts have strengthened foreign exchange inflows. At the same time, recent FX market reforms — including enhanced transparency and greater flexibility — have supported autonomous inflows and eased distortions that previously weighed on reserves.
Renewed foreign portfolio interest has also contributed to inflows, alongside multilateral and bilateral funding and stronger remittance flows. Collectively, these factors suggest a more stable external account relative to prior periods when reserves were under sustained pressure.
The rebound reinforces CBN’s medium-term target of building reserves to $51 billion by the end of 2026. At the current pace of accumulation, that target appears increasingly attainable, assuming oil prices remain supportive and FX reforms continue to anchor investor confidence.
A stronger reserve position enhances the CBN’s capacity to manage exchange-rate volatility, meet external obligations, and cushion external shocks. It also improves sovereign credit optics, particularly at a time when emerging markets are navigating tighter global liquidity conditions.
The other side of the ledger: rising debt service
Yet the strengthening reserve profile sits alongside mounting debt-service obligations at the subnational level.
States paid a combined N455.38 billion in foreign debt service in 2025, up from N362.08 billion in 2024, according to Federation Accounts Allocation Committee (FAAC) data released by the National Bureau of Statistics. The N93.30 billion increase represents a 25.77% year-on-year rise.
Under the FAAC framework, foreign debt service is treated as a first-line charge. Repayments are deducted at source before net allocations are distributed to states. This structure prioritizes debt obligations but reduces the fiscal space available for salaries, capital expenditure, and other statutory commitments.
Monthly patterns in 2025 show relative stability compared with 2024. Total foreign debt service stood at N40.09 billion in January 2025 before easing to N39.10 billion in February. From March to July, deductions remained flat at N39.10 billion, indicating fixed repayment commitments during that stretch.
A downward adjustment occurred in August to N36.14 billion, a 7.56% drop from July. That lower band persisted through September to December, suggesting a recalibrated but steady repayment structure in the final five months of the year.
By contrast, 2024 displayed sharper volatility. Deductions jumped from N9.88 billion in January to N24.53 billion in February and peaked at N40.41 billion in March. They then fell to N21.70 billion in April before rising again in August to N40.09 billion, where they remained through year-end.
The 2025 data reveal a significant concentration in the foreign debt burden. The top 10 states accounted for 68.57% of total foreign debt service.
Lagos recorded the highest deduction at N92.80 billion, up from N72.32 billion in 2024. The N20.49 billion increase represents 28.33% growth, with Lagos alone accounting for 20.38% of the national total.
Rivers followed at N48.58 billion, more than double its 2024 figure of N23.13 billion — a 110.02% increase. Ogun posted N25.20 billion, up from N11.99 billion, reflecting a 110.22% surge. Kaduna recorded N47.93 billion, a modest 5.13% rise from N45.59 billion.
Other states in the top bracket include Cross River (N21.01 billion), Oyo (N20.17 billion), Edo (N18.70 billion), Bauchi (N16.85 billion), Kano (N10.63 billion), and Ebonyi (N10.37 billion), all recording varying degrees of year-on-year growth.
Regional analysis shows the South-West bearing the largest share at N162.77 billion, representing 35.74% of the national total. The South-South followed with N100.37 billion (22.04%), while the North-West accounted for N81.97 billion (18.00%). The North-East recorded N42.42 billion (9.32%), the South-East N40.20 billion (8.83%), and the North-Central N27.65 billion (6.07%).
A macroeconomic balancing act
The juxtaposition is striking: external reserves are strengthening at the federal level, yet subnational fiscal pressure remains elevated due to rising foreign debt obligations.
A stronger reserve position supports exchange-rate stability and improves Nigeria’s external credibility. However, debt service deducted ahead of FAAC distribution constrains state-level spending capacity, particularly for infrastructure and social services.
The current environment underscores the structural nature of Nigeria’s external debt framework. While reserves provide a buffer against external shocks, sustained increases in debt service — especially under a first-line charge mechanism — can tighten liquidity for subnational governments.
For policymakers, the challenge is twofold: sustain reserve accumulation to anchor macro stability, while ensuring that debt obligations, particularly at the state level, remain manageable relative to revenue growth.
Analysts note that if the present pace of reserve accretion continues and oil receipts remain supportive, the CBN’s $51 billion target by end-2026 appears within reach. But the broader fiscal equation will depend on how effectively rising external buffers translate into durable economic resilience across all tiers of government.