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The S&P Loses 1.6% as it is on Pace for its Worst November Since 2008

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The S&P 500 closed sharply lower, dropping 1.66% to 6,737.49, extending a turbulent stretch for the benchmark index.

This marks the latest leg down in a broader market pullback that has the S&P on pace for its worst November performance since the 2008 financial crisis, when it plunged 7.5% amid the global meltdown.

The S&P 500’s 1.66% drop on November 14, 2025, capping a month-to-date decline of ~2.8% projected full-month loss of 4-5%, signals more than just a seasonal hiccup. This trajectory—the worst November since 2008’s -7.5% plunge—carries ripple effects across markets, the economy, and investor behavior.

Drawing from historical precedents, current data, and real-time sentiment, here’s a breakdown of the key implications. While earnings resilience offers a buffer, intertwined pressures like the government shutdown, Fed hawkishness, and tech valuation resets amplify risks, potentially extending volatility into Q4 and beyond.

Through the first 10 trading days of the month up to November 14, the index is down approximately 2.8% from its October 31 close of around 6,925, based on recent data showing a slide from highs near 6,850 earlier in the week. If the current trajectory holds—factoring in lighter holiday volume and lingering uncertainties—the full-month loss could approach 4-5%, the deepest since 2008’s rout.

The selloff reflects a confluence of factors weighing on investor sentiment. Technology stocks, which comprise over 30% of the S&P 500, led the decline, with the Nasdaq Composite falling 2.29% to 22,870.36.

Heavyweights like Nvidia (NVDA) shed 3.58%, Tesla (TSLA) tumbled 6.64% after breaking key support levels, and Disney (DIS) dropped 7.75%. Posts on X highlight this as a “tech tantrum,” with AI hype deflating and investors shifting to defensive sectors like energy (e.g., Exxon Mobil up 0.57%) and consumer staples.

Hawkish comments from Federal Reserve officials have slashed December rate-cut odds to just 49-53%, per market pricing. This comes as inflation concerns persist amid the U.S. government shutdown, now in its 45th day since October 1.

The shutdown—triggered by disputes over Affordable Care Act subsidies and budget extensions—has disrupted economic data releases and fueled fears of labor market strain. The VIX fear gauge surged 11.45% to 22.29, up 26% over five days, signaling heightened uncertainty.

Treasuries rallied as a safe haven, with the 10-year yield dipping 4 basis points to 4.08%. Crude oil bucked the trend, rising 1.60% to $59.63 on supply worries.

Historically, November has been a strong month for the S&P 500, averaging +1.4% gains since 1950. But downturns tied to macro shocks—like 2008’s credit freeze—can turn it brutal.

Despite the pain, some analysts see this as a “Black Friday sale” for long-term buyers, with support eyed around 6,630 the 50-day moving average. Earnings remain a bright spot: Q3 blended growth hit 10.7% year-over-year, led by the “Magnificent 7,” though Tesla and Meta disappointed.

FOMC minutes could clarify the Fed’s stance, while next week’s Nvidia earnings may either stem or exacerbate the tech bleed. Jobless claims and consumer confidence data will gauge shutdown impacts. Traders are split—some call it an “AI bubble burst,” others a “buying opportunity” in oversold names like TSLA near $400. High-volume distribution days suggest caution for bulls.

Markets are closed for Veterans Day on Monday, so watch for gap moves Tuesday. If you’re trading this volatility, consider protective puts or sector rotation into energy/defensives.

Sui Network Announces USDsui, A Native Stablecoin, As DUPE Token Rides High

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The Sui Foundation unveiled USDsui, a fully fiat-backed, native stablecoin designed to anchor the Sui blockchain’s growing ecosystem.

Issued through Bridge’s Open Issuance platform a Stripe subsidiary acquired earlier in 2025, USDsui aims to capture yield from the network’s massive stablecoin activity while enabling seamless payments, DeFi, and real-world applications.

Pegged 1:1 to the US dollar, with reserves managed by major custodians like BlackRock, Fidelity, and Superstate in cash and U.S. Treasuries. It’s compliant with the GENIUS Act, allowing non-bank issuance under federal oversight for payment tokens.

USDsui isn’t just a stablecoin—it’s Sui’s bid to become the go-to rail for programmable money, blending Web3 innovation with TradFi reliability. With launch slated for late 2025, monitor integrations like DeepBook for early signals of traction. This could propel Sui from $7B to $15B+ market cap by 2026, but success hinges on execution amid regulatory flux.

Yield-Sharing Mechanism: Sui’s network processed over $412 billion in stablecoin transfers between August and September 2025—mostly third-party assets like USDC. By shifting to USDsui, the foundation can retain revenue from reserve yields (e.g., interest on Treasuries), which will be reinvested into ecosystem development and sustainability.

Works across Sui wallets, DeFi protocols (e.g., Deepbook DEX), gaming (e.g., EVE Frontier in-game economies), and payments. Cross-chain compatible with other Bridge-powered stablecoins on platforms like Phantom, Hyperliquid, and MetaMask.

“GENIUS-ready” for advanced features like AI agent transactions. Set to go live later in 2025, with immediate integration for developers building on Sui’s high-throughput architecture. USDsui addresses a key gap in Sui’s ecosystem by internalizing value from its high-frequency transactions (e.g., $7.08B in 24-hour volume as of the announcement).

This positions Sui as a leader in on-chain commerce, reducing reliance on external stablecoins and boosting network liquidity. As Sui’s native token (SUI) trades around $2.01 USD with a $7.29B market cap, USDsui could drive further adoption in DeFi and remittances.

The announcement of USDsui marks a pivotal evolution for the Sui Network, transitioning from a high-throughput Layer-1 blockchain to a robust financial infrastructure layer. By introducing a native, fiat-backed stablecoin issued via Bridge a Stripe subsidiary, Sui addresses longstanding challenges in liquidity, compliance, and real-world utility.

Sui has processed over $412 billion in stablecoin transfers between August and September 2025 alone, much of it via third-party assets like USDC.

USDsui shifts this volume inward, allowing the Sui Foundation to capture yields from reserves (e.g., interest on U.S. Treasuries held by custodians like BlackRock and Fidelity). These revenues will be reinvested into ecosystem grants, developer tools, and sustainability initiatives, creating a self-reinforcing flywheel for growth.

Early X discussions highlight this as a “foundation for sustainable in-game economies” and a way to “bootstrap liquidity” for DeFi protocols like DeepBook.

Liquidity Boost for DeFi and Payments: As a native asset, USDsui enables deeper liquidity pools, reducing slippage in high-volume trading and enabling efficient cross-border remittances or P2P transfers.

This could drive Sui’s DeFi TVL currently ~$1.2B higher by 20-50% in the coming months, per community estimates, by attracting yield farmers and institutional liquidity providers seeking compliant, low-fee alternatives.

By competing with USDC/USDT dominance, USDsui could fragment stablecoin market share, pressuring centralized issuers while promoting decentralized, chain-native options. This aligns with a “stablecoin explosion” trend, potentially increasing overall on-chain commerce volumes across L1s.

DUPE Token is Riding High Amid Market Red As Dupe App Reaches #1 Milestone

$DUPE is one of the rare bright spots today, bucking a broader crypto downturn where Bitcoin dipped below $98K and most alts are bleeding 5-15%. As of November 14, 2025, the token’s up 83.64% in the last 24 hours, trading at around $0.0273 with a market cap hovering near $27M circulating supply ~1B tokens.

Trading volume exploded to $18.4M, signaling serious inflows—net buying hit ~$700K just in the past day, per on-chain data.This pump ties directly to the Dupe app’s explosive launch.

Yesterday, it rocketed to #1 free app on the US App Store, dethroning ChatGPT in under 24 hours. That’s no small feat in the world’s toughest market, especially kicking off holiday shopping season.

The app’s AI-powered “dupe finder” scans thousands of stores for cheaper alternatives to pricey items such as fashion, furniture, etc., saving users up to 90%—think Amazon meets visual search on steroids.

It’s already boasting ~20M users and $100M+ GMV gross merchandise value, with real revenue funneled into $DUPE buybacks team locked in 24% of supply via a $2M treasury move.

The flywheel here is killer: App usage = revenue = token buybacks/burns = deflationary pressure. It’s not just hype—Dupe’s a revenue-generating beast raised $12M from VCs like a16z scouts, but trading like it’s undervalued AF.

Fresh ammo: They just onboarded TikTok’s ex-Head of Growth grew it to 100M users, plus a massive campaign with 3K+ influencers, TV spots, and ads everywhere. Solana’s spotlighting it too, calling it “AI + shopping colliding.”

1M+ monthly active users pre-launch; now scaling to billions in e-comm disruption. Brands love it for surfacing hidden gems to high-intent buyers.

ICM (Internet Capital Markets) Play: Bridges Web2 shopping ($5T market) to Solana/Web3. $DUPE powers payments/discounts in-app—utility that memes can’t touch.

Timing God-Tier: Holiday rush + app drop = perfect storm. Top holders piled in today; PnL shows whales holding unrealized gains.

Volatility’s wild and broader market fear could drag it. But with buybacks locked and expansion teased “You won’t believe what we’re doing next”, this feels like early innings. If macros flip green, $100M+ MC isn’t wild—billion-dollar business potential, per the team.

DUPE’s #1 App Store Milestone

The Dupe app’s rapid ascent to #1 free app on the US App Store—dethroning giants like ChatGPT in under 24 hours— isn’t just a viral win; it’s a catalyst for $DUPE’s tokenomics and broader ecosystem.

With ~20M users pre-launch and $100M+ GMV already in the bag, this surge up 83% in 24h to ~$0.027, $27M MC signals real traction in a $5T e-commerce market. But implications ripple across consumer behavior, token value, and crypto’s “Internet Capital Markets” (ICM) meta.

Dupe’s AI “dupe finder” democratizes deal-hunting, scanning thousands of sites (Amazon, Walmart, etc.) for 90% cheaper alternatives in seconds. Hitting #1 during holiday shopping season could onboard millions more, turning impulse buys into informed ones—potentially saving users billions annually.

Early data shows sticky retention, with 1M+ MAUs pre-launch. Underdog products get surfaced to high-intent buyers, boosting small sellers while forcing incumbents like Amazon to sharpen pricing or integrate similar tools.

It’s a “generative marketplace” flywheel: More usage = more revenue ~$75M sales tracked = better visibility for brands via $DUPE spends. US-first strategy 50% of users already international sets up continent-by-continent domination—Europe next, then Asia/LatAm. Localization + partners could explode GMV to $1B+ by mid-2026, per team hints.

App revenue directly funds $DUPE buybacks team already holds 24% of supply via $2M treasury. More downloads = more transactions = more burns, creating scarcity in a fixed 1B supply ecosystem. This isn’t meme hype—it’s utility.

Shoppers earn/spend $DUPE for discounts post-buyback, brands burn it for promo priority. At $27M MC down 54% from May 2025 ATH of $0.073, it’s “criminally undervalued” vs. $12M VC raise and real metrics.

Institutional inflows add legitimacy, stabilizing price amid volatility. Whales are accumulating; net buys hit $700K yesterday. Short-term, holiday momentum could push to $0.05+ ($50M MC) if volume sustains ($18M+ 24h).

Long-term forecasts vary—CoinCodex sees a dip to $0.008 by Nov 16 neutral sentiment, Extreme Fear at 22, but Bitget predicts $0.024 by Apr 2026 on adoption. With TikTok’s ex-Head of Growth onboard and 3K+ influencer campaigns, $100M+ MC feels conservative.

In a red market (BTC < $96K), $DUPE’s green run highlights resilient plays. No token relaunch needed migrated to independent DEXs like Raydium/MEXC via Meteora. But broader ICM risks loom—e.g., overhyping TGEs or supply dumps in peers like Momentum could taint sentiment.

This isn’t a pump-and-dump—it’s a revenue-backed bet on AI commerce colliding with crypto. $DUPE could 10x on global scale-up, but execution is key.

POPCAT Attack on Hyperliquid linked to BTX Capital Founder Vanessa Cao

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Hyperliquid—a decentralized perpetual futures exchange built on Arbitrum—experienced a coordinated market manipulation attack targeting the Solana-based memecoin POPCAT.

The scheme involved spoofing a massive buy wall to artificially inflate demand, lure in leveraged traders, and then trigger a cascade of liquidations. This resulted in approximately $4.9 million in bad debt for Hyperliquid’s community-owned Hyperliquidity Provider (HLP) vault, which acts as a backstop for uncollateralized losses.

On November 14, 2025, blockchain analyst Specter published an on-chain investigation alleging that the attack was orchestrated by BTX Capital, a U.S.-based crypto investment firm founded in 2019, and its founder Vanessa Cao (@vc_btxcap).

BTX Capital describes itself as specializing in “liquid token strategies” to generate alpha, but Specter claims this masks manipulative tactics using the firm’s access to large capital pools.

Wallet Traces: 26 wallets involved in the POPCAT buy wall were funded via OKX and Bybit deposits. One key wallet was reused from an August 2025 TST manipulation and received funds from addresses tied to Cao’s public Ethereum wallet and BTX Capital’s official Polygon multisig.

Cross-Chain Flows: A Bybit deposit wallet received 50 million AKI tokens from a Polygon multisig controlled by 0xf97—a BTX-linked address funded directly by Cao. Ethereum and Polygon transfers explicitly bind the scheme to BTX.

The attacker sacrificed around $3–4 million in collateral on Hyperliquid but likely profited from opposing short positions on centralized exchanges (CEXes) like OKX or Bybit, where they held reverse exposure.

This marks the third major manipulation event targeting Hyperliquid’s HLP vault in 2025, following similar attacks on tokens like JELLYJELLY and ZEREBRO. The incident exposed vulnerabilities in low-liquidity, high-leverage markets on decentralized platforms, prompting Hyperliquid to temporarily pause Arbitrum bridge withdrawals and reduce leverage limits (e.g., BTC to 40x, ETH to 25x).

No protocol exploits were involved—smart contracts and the matching engine remained secure—but it highlighted risks from “degen warfare” tactics where actors burn capital to inflict asymmetric damage on liquidity providers.

The manipulation was executed with precision across multiple wallets, mimicking organic market activity. An attacker withdrew ~$3 million USDC from a CEX primarily OKX, splitting it across 19–26 coordinated wallets. These funds were bridged to Hyperliquid via Arbitrum.

Building the Trap: Using up to 10x leverage, the wallets opened long positions totaling $20–30 million in POPCAT perpetuals. A fake buy wall of ~$25 million was placed near the $0.21 price level around 16:00 UTC, creating an illusion of strong demand and pushing the price up ~30%.

The buy orders were abruptly canceled, causing POPCAT to crash ~43% to $0.12 in minutes. This thinned liquidity, sparking $63 million in total liquidations—including the attacker’s own positions.

Hyperliquid’s HLP vault absorbed the shortfall after collateral was exhausted, incurring $4.9 million in losses equivalent to ~3 months of prior profits. The vault temporarily held ~$25 million in devalued POPCAT before manual closure.

The attacker’s net loss on Hyperliquid (~$4M) was intentional, as the goal appears to be vault damage rather than direct profit. Analysts note this “kamikaze” style exploits thin order books in meme tokens, where high leverage amplifies cascades.

Link to BTX Capital and Vanessa Cao

Pattern Matching: Similar tactics fake buy walls, leveraged longs, rapid pulls appear in prior manipulations of TST, JELLYJELLY, HIFL, and ZEREBRO, all tracing to the same cluster of ~26 addresses.

BTX’s scale allows easy dominance of thin markets like Hyperliquid’s. Specter suggests the firm profits via CEX shorts while burning minimal collateral on-chain, calling it a “straightforward arbitrage” disguised as strategy.

Vanessa Cao, a former JRR Crypto co-founder and Sequoia China alum with an MBA from Tsinghua University, has not publicly responded. BTX Capital’s website emphasizes ethical trading, but the allegations imply these events are deliberate “strategies” to exploit DeFi vulnerabilities.

Community reactions on X range from calls for regulatory scrutiny to speculation of broader CEX involvement (e.g., Binance), though no concrete proof beyond on-chain data exists.

For Hyperliquid: The platform committed to refunding affected users and is exploring fixes like sliding leverage caps (e.g., smaller positions at 50x), withdrawal restrictions on high-risk trades, and higher liquidation penalties for large notionals. TVL dipped temporarily, but community support remains strong.

This underscores the need for real-time monitoring of CEX-to-DEX flows and liquidity safeguards. Perp DEXes like Hyperliquid innovate on speed and decentralization but remain susceptible to whale manipulation in illiquid assets.

POPCAT dropped ~25% post-attack from $0.21 to ~$0.15 as of November 14, contributing to broader crypto volatility amid macro pressures. Hyperliquid’s HYPE token fell ~4%. The crypto community is abuzz, with analysts like WuBlockchain amplifying Specter’s findings.

While on-chain data is compelling, definitive proof awaits further audits or legal action. This event reinforces that “decentralized” doesn’t mean immune—transparency via tools like wallet tracers is key to accountability.

Crypto Fear and Greed Index Hit Extreme Low of 15

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The Crypto Fear and Greed Index, a popular sentiment gauge that aggregates factors like volatility, market momentum, social media buzz, and surveys to score investor psychology on a 0-100 scale where below 25 signals “Extreme Fear”, has plummeted to 15 as of November 13, 2025.

This marks one of the lowest readings in months, reflecting widespread panic amid recent price drops in Bitcoin and the broader market. For context, the index was at 24 just yesterday and averaged around 32 over the past 30 days, spending most of that time in “fear” territory (0-49).

Extreme fear levels like this often coincide with capitulation selling, historically creating buying opportunities as sentiment bottoms out before rebounds.

This drop echoes levels last seen in March 2025, when Bitcoin traded under $90,000—specifically closing the month at $82,548.91 after a 2.2% decline, with intraday lows dipping toward $80,000 amid post-halving consolidation and macro uncertainties.

At that time, the index similarly hovered in the low teens, signaling a cycle low that preceded a rally into mid-year highs above $120,000. Fast-forward to now: Bitcoin is trading around $102,000-$104,000 down ~18% from its October peak near $126,000, with the total crypto market cap at roughly $3.4 trillion after shedding $70 billion in a single day last week.

An index reading of 15 signals “Extreme Fear,” where panic-driven selling dominates, often marking a psychological bottom in the market. This level indicates capitulation—retail investors are dumping assets, social media sentiment is overwhelmingly negative, and volatility spikes as fear overrides fundamentals.

Historically, such lows (e.g., March 2025 at ~12-15) have preceded sharp rebounds, with Bitcoin rallying 40-60% within 1-3 months as “weaker hands” exit and institutions accumulate. The strategy of “Buy the Fear, Sell the Greed” has delivered outsized returns, as extreme fear zones correlate with undervaluation and mean reversion.

Expect continued pressure on prices, with Bitcoin potentially testing $98,000-$100,000 support amid tax-loss harvesting and year-end liquidity squeezes. Altcoins could see 20-30% further drawdowns, exacerbating BTC dominance currently ~59%.

Analysts view this as a local bottom, with long-term holders (e.g., whales) scooping up supply. Renewed ETF inflows or macro stabilization could spark a November rally, targeting $110,000-$120,000 by month-end.

The parallel to March isn’t exact—Bitcoin is still ~20% higher year-to-date—but the sentiment mirror suggests potential for a similar “fear bottom” if historical patterns hold. On X the reaction is a mix of dread and opportunism, with users like Strongviking66 calling it a “LOONG time” since such lows and questioning if it’s a classic dip to buy, while Mohsinmunir urges stacking “utility coins” over memes.

Bitcoin’s Relative Underperformance vs. Equities at a 3-Year Low

Bitcoin’s performance relative to equities measured via ratios like BTC/S&P 500 or BTC/Nasdaq has weakened to levels not seen since late 2022, during the FTX collapse and broader bear market.

In Q3 2025 alone, BTC underperformed the S&P 500 by over 15% amid profit-taking after early-year gains, shifting Fed policy expectations, and inflation trends favoring traditional assets.

Correlation data shows BTC’s linkage to U.S. equities (e.g., S&P 500) spiking to 0.90 during risk-off periods like May-June 2025 geopolitical flares, but with BTC lagging—its volatility remains 5.1x that of global equities 54% vs. 10.5% annualized.

This relative weakness stems from: Tax-loss harvesting: Crypto’s YTD lag leaves more “losses” to harvest vs. stocks, pressuring December selling bearish short-term. Equities and metals drew inflows on Fed pivot hopes, while BTC saw outflows amid ETF profit-taking.

Recession fears and equity volatility could drag BTC deeper in Q3-Q4 2025, per on-chain analysis, though stabilizing conditions might flip this. Despite the gloom, analysts like those at InvestingHaven see this as a “mid-cycle pause,” with RSI at 66 not overheated and forecasts targeting $130K-$140K by year-end if ETF buying resumes.

Extreme fear + relative undervaluation often signals contrarian entry points—historically, dips below 20 on the index have preceded 50%+ BTC rallies within 3-6 months. Stay calm; markets reward patience here.

Nigerian Bank Fraud Declines in Volume But Surges in Financial Impact in Q1 2025 — FITC Report

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According to the latest “Fraud and Forgeries in Nigerian Banks” report by FITC, the first quarter (Q1) of 2025 recorded a sharp drop in the number of reported fraud cases but a dramatic rise in the financial value of these incidents.

FITC data shows that Nigerian banks reported 12,347 fraud cases in Q1 2025, marking a 33.8% decrease from the 18,672 cases recorded in Q4 2024. A closer breakdown reveals that most incidents occurred through Computer/Web channels (7,361 cases), followed by Mobile transactions (2,875 cases) and POS terminals (1,559 cases), a pattern consistent with trends in the latter quarters of 2024.

Despite the decline in case numbers, the financial impact surged significantly. The total amount involved in fraud schemes rose by 242.74%, increasing from approximately N6.5 billion in Q4 2024 to N22.27 billion in Q1 2025. Correspondingly, total losses climbed by 137.2%, rising from N1.39 billion to N3.3 billion.

The report also highlights a reduction in fraud participation by outsiders, which fell by 33.04%, from 16,408 cases in Q4 2024 to 10,896 in Q1 2025. Internal (staff-related) cases dropped as well, declining from 91 cases to 63, representing a 30.8% decrease. Currently, 28 employees are under investigation, while 23 staff members had their employment terminated, down 28.1% from the 32 terminations in the previous quarter.

In terms of financial weight, Computer/Web fraud was the most significant, accounting for N10.6 billion, or 47.7% of total fraud amounts recorded in Q1 2025. This was followed by miscellaneous and other fraud types including eNaira scams, autopay fraud, cash suppression, and forged deposit slips collectively valued at N5.97 billion (26.8%). Mobile app–related fraud ranked third at N2.3 billion (10.3%). Together, these three categories represented 84.8% of all fraud amounts for the quarter.

When examining losses, Mobile app fraud contributed the highest losses, accounting for N1.4 billion, or roughly 43% of total losses. Losses from forged cheques stood at N837.7 million (25.4%), while fraudulent withdrawals amounted to N584.85 million (17.8%).

Channels and Methods Used in Fraud

Fraud in Q1 2025 occurred across multiple outlets, including ATMs, online platforms, bank branches, and POS terminals.

  • Card-based fraud fell by 29.4%, from 16,955 cases to 11,972.

  • Cash-related incidents declined by 30% (536 to 375 cases).

  • Cheque-related fraud, however, increased by 43.8%, rising from 32 to 46 cases.

Despite the decline in case volumes, the financial amounts involved rose sharply across nearly all channels:

  • Computer/Web fraud amounts surged by 362.3% (N2.3 billion to N10.6 billion).
  • Mobile fraud increased by 124.7% (N1 billion to N2.3 billion).

  • Bank branch fraud amounts rose by 311.5% (N1.9 billion to nearly N8 billion).

  • POS fraud amounts climbed by 85.8%. Only ATM-related fraud saw a decline, dropping by 59.8% from N61.3 million to N24.7 million.

Similarly, fraud losses across channels rose sharply for Computer/Web, Bank Branch, and Mobile platforms:

  • Bank branch losses: up 112.3% to N1.7 billion.

  • Computer/Web losses: up 152.3% to N203.2 million.

  • Mobile losses: up 309.8% to N1.4 billion.
    Conversely, ATM losses fell by 95%, and POS losses dropped by 93%.

Fraud via Instruments: Cheques, Cash & Cards

  • Forged cheque fraud: up 196.8%, reaching N1.1 billion.

  • Card fraud amounts: up 306.2%, from N3.5 billion to N14.3 billion.

  • Cash fraud amounts: up 301.2%, rising to N6.8 billion.

Losses followed a similar upward trajectory:

  • Cash fraud losses rose 16.2%.

  • Card fraud losses increased 211.9%.

  • Cheque fraud losses saw the largest jump, rising 1,036% to N837 million.

Conclusion

Overall, Q1 2025 recorded fewer fraud attempts but significantly higher financial damage. Total reported cases fell by 33.8%, yet the amount involved climbed to N22.27 billion, and losses increased to N3.3 billion. The findings highlight a shift toward fewer but more sophisticated and high-value fraud operations across Nigeria’s financial sector.