Wow:  The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) has an x-factor to the Naira challenges, and is “introducing a single singular foreign currency (FCY) gateway bank to centralize all correspondent banking activities…” in Nigeria . According to Investopedia, a “correspondent bank is a financial institution that acts as an intermediary between domestic and international banks. Correspondent banks provide third-party services on behalf of another financial institution, usually in another country.”

Banks like Citi and UBS serve as correspondent banks to many Nigerian banks; it seems Nigeria wants to take them up. In a post last week, I noted the pressure Naira was getting via cross-border lending. It is indeed very refreshing that the apex bank is looking at how to close some loopholes outside the nation.

If Nigeria goes ahead with this FCY gateway bank, many good things will happen, but it will also open the nation to new risk vectors, on contract obligations. Yes, if Citi serves say Zenith Bank, Zenith Bank arguably expects the funds to be there since they’re far apart. But if a unit of CBN is taking care of that, how would the commercial bank’s global customers view that arrangement in the international market? More so, how would Zenith Bank relate with its regulator in this context?

Yet, if this works, Nigeria can have clarity on the movement of funds in its ecosystems. Possibly, a better view of some activities like money laundering and round tripping of funds will emerge.

Domiciliary Accounts in Nigeria

Domiciliary accounts are not our problem. It has always been here. Think of it: what is $30b in dorm savings to affect Naira if Nigeria is productive? South Africa Stock market is worth $960 billion, Nigeria NGX $50billion. Our national budget is $30b, South Africa’s $137 billion. Because we’re all-money no-capital, we see positives as negative. Those $30b could become asset classes in NGX and deliver capital in Nigeria. In the USA, people package debts & loans and create exotic assets which are worth $billions in the capital market. But Nigerians have cash and some are complaining that dorm accounts are bad. I do not think so.

Poor people use money, great nations build capital on money. Nigeria has $30b (US dollars) in its banking sector which can be turned into capital and advance the nation. If you close dorm accounts, families will still ask for dollars for foreign medicals, schools, etc because we’re destroying local options. So, we need to allow dorm accounts to breathe.

The Strength of Naira Comes from Factories and Warehouses (not CBN headquarters)

The strength of Naira does not come from CBN headquarters, but from warehouses and factories (old and modern). Banning dorm accounts will be a mistake: we cannot focus on symptoms instead of fixing the root causes. If politicians are round tripping funds, arrest and prosecute them, instead of banning dorm accounts. If bad guys are entering Nigeria, arrest them over closing land borders. If people are diverting petrol to Cotonou, arrest them via a better Customs system instead of removing fuel subsidies since every decent economy subsidizes energy for competitiveness.

Yes, if you ban dorm accounts, politicians will still steal and will find new avenues to do their things. Hello, real estate. Dorm accounts are a global thing, from Canada to Kenya, UK to Australia, and beyond; Nigeria did not invent it. In those countries, their currencies have not crashed. In China, HSBC China will help you open bank accounts in China in nine major currencies , from USD to Yen.

Daily, we wake up with directives and circulars to banks, from CBN. In the past, during the military and before 2011, CBN used to publish working papers. I am hoping to read more working papers so that we can see data which they’re using to make these decisions.

In this piece, I also argue that Nigeria’s FX problem is not connected with dorm accounts. Most countries operate dorm accounts, from Canada to China, and their currencies have not crashed. Instead of seeing the $30B in dorm accounts as a negative, Nigeria should flip it as a positive. 

In America, people buy debts, repackage them into exotic assets and sell them for $billions. The Nigerian capital market  which has access to $30B in USD in our banking system can come up with something more exciting. Lack of innovation is the reason we see positives as weaknesses. Our stock market is worth $50B when South Africa is worth more than $960B because they innovate; someone there would turn that $30B from money to capital, and by the time all is done, you have a new asset-sector worth $100B.

Banning Domiciliary Accounts Will Destroy Nigeria’s Economy!

In this piece, I have made my case that dorm accounts are not the cause of Nigeria’s FX paralysis. Most countries have dorm accounts. In HSBC China, you can get nine foreign currencies if you want. Many Canadian banks can offer you US bank accounts in Canada. Within Africa, many countries offer dorm account services via their banks. If we have illegal activities on dorm accounts, prosecute them; do not ban the service. We cannot be using the blanket model. You cannot fix corruption in fuel subsidies, you remove them even though subsidies on energy are not bad. You struggle with contrabands, you close land borders; not great.

But if Nigeria decides to ban dorm accounts [Nigeria will not do that], it must realize that it is equivalent to closing Zenith Bank, one of our nation’s largest banks, on an asset basis.  Yes, people will use peer-to-peer services and move those $30 billion funds outside the nation. Do you prefer the funds in Lagos or scattered in New York, London, etc?

Nigerians must not pressure the central bank to wake up daily fighting Naira just from its headquarters. The strength of Naira does not come from CBN headquarters, but from warehouses and factories, the modern and the old. We should allow CBN to also breathe, and get the team to leave their offices and visit Aba, Kano, Ibadan, Jos, etc and explore how to help those companies. Daily circulars and directives will not solve this problem, only more shifts in factories will do.

I think a lot of “finance” reforms and changes have been made; now is the time to explore the other side: improve manufacturing environments and ease of doing business. Let us help CBN to make that case. Personally, I commend the team for their efforts last week; but I want them to diversify the solution space.

—from Mr. Olayemi Cardoso, the Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) speech

“In the short term, we have put in significant work, and we are witnessing results in improving the market structures and removing all the bottlenecks stifling the supply of FX into the country.”

“We have addressed the challenges to remittance flows, reduced the ability of banks to hold on to positions, and more importantly, we now have the export proceeds from the national energy sector flowing back through the Central Bank. We have also initiated several short-term measures to make naira assets attractive to foreign investors”

“The eventual stability of the Naira will be driven by our ability to address the fundamental issues affecting our economy…bring inflation under control and promote the growth of Nigerian businesses such that we eventually export much more than we consume as a nation.”

Short-to-Medium Term Strategy Focus on Improving FX Inflows and Stabilising the Naira

1. Our policy focus is on achieving rate stability and maintaining market flexibility and liquidity. The move to unify the naira exchange rate and lift currency trading restrictions in June 2023 aims to establish market-driven rates through price discovery. This strategy seeks to create a more efficient and transparent FX market to boost investor confidence and reduce market volatility.

2. Over the past six months, the Bank has taken deliberate steps to enhance liquidity and FX supply in the forex market. All FX transaction windows have been consolidated into the NAFEM platform. Outstanding FX obligations, particularly those of foreign airlines, have been progressively settled. Enhanced monitoring of FX market activities and a continued emphasis on transparency and price discovery are key priorities. These efforts will be further consolidated in the future.

3. Recently, the CBN removed the exchange rate cap to enable International Money Transfer Operators (IMTOs) to disburse remittances at market-determined rates without restrictions, following a willing seller, willing buyer approach. Additionally, the transfer of the NNPC account to the CBN, as directed by Mr. President, aims to increase liquidity in the market. These measures address the FX market’s liquidity challenges, streamline capital flows, and mitigate currency risks.

4. In line with coordinated monetary and fiscal policies, efforts are underway to ensure that all USD-earning agencies and parastatals remit their earnings directly to the CBN to enhance transparency and liquidity in the FX market.

Medium-to-Long Term Strategy Focus on Improving FX Inflows and Stabilising the Naira

1. The CBN is currently devising strategies to revamp the Bureau de Change (BDC) segment for enhanced efficiency and aims to streamline their numbers for better management and supervision.

2. Exploring mechanisms to incentivise individuals holding foreign currency (FCY) outside the banking system to deposit these funds within the banking system, necessitating the establishment of a legal framework.

3. Plans are underway to establish an Investor Relations Group (IRG) modeled after the Philippines to elevate Nigeria’s credit profile and position the country as a prime investment destination.

4. Introducing a single FCY gateway bank to centralize all correspondent banking activities, currently dominated by two major banks in the corresponding banking space.

5. Strengthening surveillance and technological capabilities to monitor cryptocurrency transactions effectively. 

Wow: The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) has an x-factor to the Naira challenges, and is “introducing a single singular foreign currency (FCY) gateway bank to centralize all correspondent banking activities…” in Nigeria . According to Investopedia, a “correspondent bank is a… pic.twitter.com/dEEwQqTl5c

— Ndubuisi Ekekwe (@ndekekwe) February 6, 2024

Africa and China have a long history of economic and political ties, dating back to the 1950s when many African countries gained their independence from colonial powers. China supported the liberation movements and provided aid and investment to the newly formed states.

Since then, China has become Africa’s largest trading partner, a major source of infrastructure financing, and a key player in regional and global affairs.

However, in recent years, some critics have raised concerns about the nature and impact of China’s engagement with Africa. They argue that China is exploiting Africa’s natural resources, creating debt traps, undermining governance and human rights standards, and eroding Africa’s sovereignty and agency.

They also claim that China is pursuing its own strategic interests in Africa, such as securing access to markets, raw materials, and political influence, at the expense of Africa’s development and security.

These criticisms are not entirely unfounded, but they also overlook some of the benefits and opportunities that China’s presence in Africa offers. China has contributed to Africa’s economic growth, poverty reduction, infrastructure development, and regional integration.

China has also supported Africa’s participation in multilateral platforms, such as the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). China has also cooperated with Africa on various issues of common concern, such as climate change, public health, peace and security, and digital transformation.

Therefore, it is not a question of whether Africa should engage with China or not, but rather how Africa should engage with China in a way that maximizes its benefits and minimizes its risks. This requires a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the opportunities and challenges that China’s involvement in Africa presents, as well as a clear vision of Africa’s own interests and priorities. It also requires a proactive and pragmatic approach that leverages Africa’s strengths and capabilities, while addressing its weaknesses and vulnerabilities.

Trade and investment: Africa should diversify its exports to China, reduce its trade deficit, negotiate fairer terms for Chinese loans and projects, promote local content and value addition, enhance environmental and social safeguards, and foster more balanced and sustainable economic partnerships.

Governance and human rights: Africa should uphold its own values and standards of democracy, rule of law, human rights, and good governance, while engaging with China on these issues through dialogue and cooperation. Africa should also protect its sovereignty and independence from external interference or pressure.

Security and peace: Africa should enhance its own capacity to address its security challenges, while seeking China’s support for peacekeeping, counterterrorism, maritime security, and conflict resolution. Africa should also ensure that its security cooperation with China does not undermine its relations with other partners or regional organizations.

Development and cooperation: Africa should align its development agenda with China’s cooperation initiatives, such as the FOCAC action plan, the BRI projects, and the AfCFTA framework. Africa should also leverage China’s experience and expertise in areas such as industrialization, urbanization, digitalization, agriculture, education, health, and innovation.

Global governance: Africa should strengthen its voice and influence in global affairs, while working with China to reform the international system to make it more inclusive, representative, and responsive to the needs and aspirations of developing countries. Africa should also collaborate with China on global challenges such as climate change, pandemic response, debt relief, multilateral trade, and human development.

By reviewing and recalibrating its relationship with China in these areas, Africa can enhance its strategic partnership with China in a way that serves its long-term interests and goals.

This will also enable Africa to pursue a more diversified and balanced foreign policy that engages with other partners on the basis of mutual respect and mutual benefit. Ultimately, this will contribute to Africa’s vision of achieving a peaceful, prosperous, and integrated continent.

Some of these include:

• The debt burden and sustainability of some African countries that have borrowed heavily from China for infrastructure projects.

• The environmental and social impacts of some Chinese investments and activities in Africa, such as mining, logging and wildlife trade.

• The lack of transparency and accountability of some Chinese actors in Africa, such as state-owned enterprises, private companies and individuals.

• The perceived imbalance and inequality of the Africa-China partnership, which is often seen as favoring China’s interests over Africa’s needs and aspirations.

These issues have raised questions about the benefits and costs of the Africa-China relationship, as well as its future direction and prospects. Therefore, it is important for African countries to review and recalibrate their relationship with China, in order to: Ensure that the relationship is based on mutual respect, trust and cooperation, and that it aligns with Africa’s own vision and agenda for development.

Enhance the quality and diversity of the relationship, by expanding the areas of cooperation beyond trade and infrastructure, to include sectors such as health, education, agriculture, science and technology, culture and tourism. Promote the principles and values of good governance, human rights, democracy and rule of law, both within Africa and in its engagement with China.

Strengthen the capacity and voice of African institutions, governments, civil society and media, to effectively negotiate, monitor and evaluate the relationship with China. Foster a balanced and inclusive relationship that benefits all stakeholders, especially the ordinary people of Africa and China.

By reviewing and recalibrating its relationship with China, Africa can seize the opportunities and address the challenges that come with this strategic partnership. This will enable Africa to achieve its goals of peace, prosperity and integration, while also contributing to global peace and development.

One of the most common arguments against investing in cryptocurrencies is that they are too volatile and unpredictable. Critics claim that crypto markets are driven by speculation, hype and emotion, rather than by rational analysis of fundamentals.

They argue that crypto assets have no intrinsic value and are subject to extreme swings in price that make them unsuitable for long-term investors.

However, this view ignores the fact that crypto markets are actually very efficient at pricing a mature business in the same way it would be priced in equities markets. In other words, crypto markets reflect the present value of the future cash flows of a network, protocol or platform, adjusted for risk and uncertainty. This is similar to how stock markets value a company based on its expected earnings, growth and dividends.

To understand how this works, we need to look at the different types of crypto assets and how they generate value for their holders. There are three main categories of crypto assets: currencies, utility tokens and security tokens.

Currencies are the most basic form of crypto assets. They serve as a medium of exchange, a store of value and a unit of account. Examples of currencies are Bitcoin, Litecoin and Monero.

Currencies derive their value from their scarcity, security and network effects. The more people use and trust a currency, the more valuable it becomes. Currencies are priced based on supply and demand, as well as on their perceived utility and adoption.

Utility tokens are crypto assets that provide access to a service or a function within a network or a platform. Examples of utility tokens are Ethereum, Binance Coin and Chainlink. Utility tokens derive their value from their usefulness and functionality.

The more people use and benefit from a service or a function, the more valuable the token becomes. Utility tokens are priced based on the demand for the service or the function, as well as on the quality and innovation of the network or the platform.

Security tokens are crypto assets that represent ownership or a claim on an asset or a revenue stream. Examples of security tokens are tokenized stocks, bonds and real estate. Security tokens derive their value from their underlying assets or cash flows.

The more profitable or valuable the asset or the cash flow is, the more valuable the token becomes. Security tokens are priced based on the performance and prospects of the asset or the cash flow, as well as on the legal and regulatory framework.

As we can see, crypto markets are not irrational or random. They are efficiently pricing a mature business in the same way it would be priced in equities markets, based on its expected future value, risk and uncertainty. Crypto investors are not gambling or speculating. They are evaluating and investing in different types of crypto assets that offer different benefits and opportunities.

The Basics of Trading Cryptocurrencies

Cryptocurrencies are digital assets that use cryptography to secure transactions and control the creation of new units. They are decentralized, meaning that they are not issued or controlled by any central authority, such as a government or a bank. Cryptocurrencies can be traded on online platforms, where buyers and sellers can exchange them for other cryptocurrencies or fiat currencies, such as US dollars or Euros.

Trading cryptocurrencies can be a rewarding and exciting activity, but it also involves risks and challenges. In this blog post, we will cover some of the basics of trading cryptocurrencies, such as how to choose a platform, how to analyze the market, and how to manage your risks.

Choosing a Platform

The first step to start trading cryptocurrencies is to choose a platform where you can buy and sell them. There are many platforms available, each with its own features, fees, security, and reputation. Some of the factors to consider when choosing a platform are:

The availability of the cryptocurrencies you want to trade. Some platforms offer a wide range of cryptocurrencies, while others only support a few. The fees and commissions charged by the platform. These can vary depending on the type of transaction, the amount traded, and the payment method used.

The security and reliability of the platform. You should look for platforms that use encryption, two-factor authentication, cold storage, and other measures to protect your funds and data from hackers and fraudsters. The customer support and service provided by the platform. You should look for platforms that have responsive and helpful customer support, as well as clear and transparent policies and terms of service.

Analyzing the Market

The second step to start trading cryptocurrencies is to analyze the market and identify the opportunities and trends. The cryptocurrency market is highly volatile and influenced by many factors, such as supply and demand, news, regulations, technology, and sentiment. To analyze the market, you can use various tools and methods, such as:

Technical analysis. This is the study of price movements and patterns using charts, indicators, and other tools. Technical analysis can help you identify trends, support and resistance levels, entry and exit points, and potential price movements.

Fundamental analysis. This is the study of the underlying value and potential of a cryptocurrency based on its technology, innovation, adoption, competition, and other factors. Fundamental analysis can help you evaluate the long-term prospects and growth potential of a cryptocurrency.

Sentiment analysis. This is the study of the emotions and opinions of the market participants using social media, forums, blogs, surveys, and other sources. Sentiment analysis can help you gauge the mood and expectations of the market and anticipate possible shifts in demand and supply.

Managing Your Risks

The third step to start trading cryptocurrencies is to manage your risks and protect your capital. Trading cryptocurrencies involves high risks due to the volatility, unpredictability, and complexity of the market. To manage your risks, you can use various strategies and techniques, such as:

Setting a budget and sticking to it. You should only trade with money that you can afford to lose and avoid investing more than you can handle.

Diversifying your portfolio. You should not put all your eggs in one basket and spread your investments across different cryptocurrencies, platforms, and strategies.

Using stop-losses and take-profits. These are orders that automatically close your position when the price reaches a certain level. Stop-losses can help you limit your losses in case the price goes against you, while take-profits can help you lock in your profits in case the price reaches your target.

Educating yourself and staying updated. You should always do your own research before trading any cryptocurrency and keep yourself informed about the latest news, developments, and trends in the market.

Trading cryptocurrencies can be a rewarding and exciting activity if you know what you are doing. By following these basic steps, you can start trading cryptocurrencies with confidence and success. Remember that trading cryptocurrencies is not a get-rich-quick scheme and requires patience, discipline, and skill.