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Hong Kong Court Orders Liquidation of Evergrande: A Blow to China’s Real Estate Market

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A Hong Kong court on Monday delivered a decisive blow to China Evergrande Group, the embattled property giant, by ordering its liquidation. This decision adds further strain to the already precarious state of trust in China’s real estate market as authorities grapple with a mounting crisis.

Justice Linda Chan, presiding over the case, expressed her frustration at Evergrande’s failure to present a viable restructuring plan more than two years after defaulting on its offshore debt.

The company, known for being the most indebted in the world, faced liabilities exceeding $300 billion. In her statement, Justice Chan declared, “Enough is enough,” signaling the court’s impatience with Evergrande’s prolonged financial struggles.

This move raises questions about how Chinese courts will respond to Hong Kong’s verdict, setting the stage for a complex and extensive liquidation process with potential political implications. Investors are keenly watching to understand how Chinese authorities will handle international creditors as the fallout from Evergrande’s collapse reverberates globally.

Alvarez & Marsal has been appointed as the liquidator, a decision justified by Justice Chan as serving the interests of all creditors. This move allows the company to oversee a new restructuring plan during the period when Evergrande’s chairman, Hui Ka Yan, is under investigation for potential crimes.

Evergrande, with $240 billion in assets, had already sent shockwaves through the economy in 2021 with its debt default, exacerbating the fragility of China’s real estate and finance markets. The liquidation order only adds further uncertainty to an already unstable situation.

Siu Shawn, the Chief Executive of Evergrande, assured the public through Chinese media that despite the liquidation order, the company would ensure the completion of ongoing construction projects. He promised that the decision would not impact the operations of Evergrande’s offshore and onshore businesses.

Tiffany Wong, Managing Director of Alvarez & Marsal, outlined the firm’s priorities after the appointment.

“Our priority is to see as much of the business as possible retained, restructured, and remain operational. We will pursue a structured approach to preserve and return value to the creditors and other stakeholders,” she said.

Edward Middleton, another Managing Director with Alvarez & Marsal, confirmed that the firm would promptly move to Evergrande’s headquarters to initiate the liquidation process.

Before the court’s decision, Evergrande’s stock experienced a sharp decline of up to 20%, leading to the suspension of trading in China Evergrande and its listed companies, Evergrande Property Services, and China Evergrande New Energy Vehicle Group. This suspension reflects the gravity of the situation and its potential ripple effects on associated entities.

The fallout from Evergrande’s liquidation is anticipated to have far-reaching consequences, not only for China’s real estate market but also for global investors and creditors. All eyes are now on Chinese authorities as the liquidation process unfolds, to see how they will manage the resulting challenges posed by the collapse of one of the world’s largest property developers.

Nigeria Needs To Help Dangote Refinery As It Plans to Import Crude Oil from USA

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If indeed it is true that Dangote Refinery is sourcing crude oil from outside Nigeria,  it would be a major own-goal for Nigeria: “Dangote Refinery, Africa’s largest refinery, is set to begin crude oil import from the United States in February…According to reports from Bloomberg, Trafigura Group has brokered a deal to supply Dangote Refinery with 2 million barrels of WTI Midland crude expected to be delivered by the end of next month, marking the first instance of the refinery purchasing non-Nigerian crude.”

If that is the case, the whole construct of stabilizing Naira via Dangote Refinery fades. Yes, you cannot expect the company to import with USD dollars, and sell on Naira terms.

Yet, I have made the point here that the forward-selling of crude oil for immediate cash will deliver a victim, and that victim would be our local refineries. Simply, if we subtract crude oil Nigeria ships to those who gave us loans, as part of repayment, and the little we need to run the affairs of the nation, we may not have enough for companies like Dangote Refinery, based on our production capacity, despite the national obligations to supply them feedstuff.

Historically, this has happened many times in the nation in other critical sectors. Our federal contracting system does not have a lot of “memories” as we make contracts forgetting previous obligations. Two cases:

Case 1: A company was given permission to build a power plant, and part of the deal was to use existing electricity grid poles to distribute the power. Years later, Nigeria signed another contract with a DISCO, assigning the rights of the poles to the DISCO, forgetting the pre-existing contract. The DISCO then blocked the power company from access to the poles. They went to court…and court is happening as usual.

Case 2: A company was promised gas to power a city-wide power plant by the federal government from a national gas asset. Later, the government sold the asset, without a clause to the new buyer to honour existing obligations. The new asset owner is not interested in working with the local power plant as you can make more money in the international market. Today, that power firm is not operating.

So, as Dangote Refinery was bragging about the assurance of crude oil from Nigeria, I said “Are you really sure?” Today, the company has learnt small lessons. Good enough that it has found alternatives. Good luck Alhaji, you will succeed!

Dangote Refinery’s Move to Import Crude Oil from the US Raises Questions

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Dangote Refinery, Africa’s largest refinery, is set to begin crude oil import from the United States in February. This significant shift, which reflects the increasing competitiveness of American barrels on the global stage, also marks a departure for Dangote Refinery, which has traditionally sourced crude exclusively from Nigeria.

According to reports from Bloomberg, Trafigura Group has brokered a deal to supply Dangote Refinery with 2 million barrels of WTI Midland crude expected to be delivered by the end of next month, marking the first instance of the refinery purchasing non-Nigerian crude.

This move, which signals a response to the changing oil industry, where the United States is gradually becoming a major player in the global supply chain, has raised a lot of questions.

The Dangote refinery, boasting a substantial capacity of 650,000 barrels per day, commenced operations earlier this month.

Initially targeting a processing rate of 350,000 barrels per day, the refinery aims to gradually scale up production toward its full capacity. While the facility primarily sourced domestic crude through a supply agreement with the trading arm of the state-owned Nigerian National Petroleum Company Limited (NNPCL), this recent deal with Trafigura showcases a strategic move to diversify crude sources.

About a month ago, the refinery received its first shipment of Nigeria’s Agbami crude, facilitated by a trading unit of Shell, marking a significant step in utilizing domestic resources. Subsequent deliveries included Nigeria’s Amenam, Bonny Light, and CJ Blend streams.

However, this strategic shift towards importing US crude has raised questions about the NNPCL’s ability to meet its contractual obligations with Dangote Refinery. The NNPCL is obligated to supply crude oil worth $1 billion to the refinery as part of its payment for the acquisition of a 20 percent equity stake in the project.

Dangote Refinery’s turn to the US for oil purchase has raised fresh questions about the NNPCL’s capability to fulfill its contractual obligation with the plant.

However, the federal government’s ownership of crude oil has declined over the years, with a daily average share dropping from 414,463 barrels in 2020 to 205,184 barrels in 2023. This means that the Nigerian government owns less than 250,000 barrels out of the 1.3 million barrels produced per day.

For most PSC (production sharing contracts) deep offshore, companies take a larger percentage. In addition, the NNPCL is pledging proceeds of future crude oil production for loans while insecurity and crude oil theft have made onshore production unattractive. The situation has forced the NNPCL to rely on offshore production where Nigeria gets less share due to production costs.

This backdrop, which has raised several questions, has forced the newly-launched Dangote Refinery to source crude oil outside Nigerian shores.

“How can you pledge crude oil to OPEC off takers when you cannot supply a commercial refiner in Nigeria, crude oil?” energy expert, Kelvin Emmanuel asked.

He noted that out of the 510,000 barrels of crude oil obtained by NNPC from Joint Ventures (JV) and Production Sharing Contracts (PSC), approximately 425,000 barrels have already been committed under various Fuel Supply Agreements (FSAs).

“How can you commit to delivering crude to OPEC off takers when you’ve a commercial refiner in Nigeria that is unable to get the 300k barrels of crude oil you exchanged as equity ($1.7bn in feedstock) contribution for shares in the refinery?” he further asked.

Against this backdrop, the prevailing sentiment among many observers is that the prospect of obtaining cheaper petrol from Dangote Refinery has been diminished. The belief is that the cost of the refined products from the refinery will be influenced by international market dynamics rather than being insulated or influenced by local factors.


Editor’s Note: for the two cases noted in the social media summaries, please click here.

Zero-Knowledge is back in the spotlight

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Zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) are cryptographic techniques that allow one party to prove to another that a statement is true, without revealing any information beyond the validity of the statement. ZKPs have been around for decades, but they have gained renewed attention in recent years due to their potential applications in blockchain, privacy, and security.

One of the main challenges of ZKPs is their efficiency. ZKPs often require complex computations and large amounts of data, which can make them impractical for real-world scenarios. However, recent advances in ZKP research and development have led to significant improvements in their performance and scalability.

One of these advances is the emergence of zk-SNARKs, which stands for zero-knowledge succinct non-interactive arguments of knowledge. zk-SNARKs are a special type of ZKPs that have two key features: they are succinct, meaning that they require only a small amount of data to verify; and they are non-interactive, meaning that they do not require any communication between the prover and the verifier.

Zero-knowledge projects are attracting more attention and funding from venture capital (VC) firms in recent years. These projects aim to provide solutions for preserving privacy and security in various domains, such as decentralized finance, identity management, data sharing, and more.

zk-SNARKs have been widely adopted in blockchain platforms, such as Zcash and Ethereum, to enable anonymous transactions and smart contracts. zk-SNARKs can also be used for other purposes, such as verifying identity, proving ownership, and enforcing policies.

Another advance is the development of zk-STARKs, which stands for zero-knowledge scalable transparent arguments of knowledge. zk-STARKs are similar to zk-SNARKs, but they have two additional features: they are transparent, meaning that they do not rely on any trusted setup or secret parameters; and they are scalable, meaning that they can handle large-scale computations and data sets.

zk-STARKs have been proposed as a solution for some of the limitations of zk-SNARKs, such as their vulnerability to quantum attacks and their dependence on trusted parties. zk-STARKs can also offer higher security and lower costs than zk-SNARKs.

Zero-knowledge projects are important because they address some of the key challenges and opportunities in the digital era, such as:

Privacy: As more data is generated and collected online, users face increasing risks of data breaches, identity theft, surveillance, and discrimination. Zero-knowledge projects can help users protect their personal and financial data from unauthorized access and misuse.

Security: As more transactions and interactions are conducted online, users face increasing threats of fraud, hacking, censorship, and manipulation. Zero-knowledge projects can help users verify the authenticity and integrity of the information and parties involved, without compromising their security.

Innovation: As more industries and sectors are disrupted and transformed by digital technologies, users face increasing demand for new and better products and services. Zero-knowledge projects can help users access and leverage the benefits of emerging technologies, such as blockchain, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing, while mitigating the risks and challenges.

How are VC firms investing in zero-knowledge projects?

VC firms are investing in zero-knowledge projects because they recognize the potential and value of these projects in creating a more private, secure, and innovative digital world. According to a report by Electric Capital, VC funding for zero-knowledge projects increased by 280% from 2018 to 2019, reaching $112 million. Some of the notable VC firms that have invested in zero-knowledge projects include:

Andreessen Horowitz: The leading VC firm has backed several zero-knowledge projects, such as Celo (a mobile-first platform for financial inclusion), Dapper Labs (a platform for blockchain-based games and collectibles), and NuCypher (a platform for end-to-end encrypted data sharing).

Electric Capital: The crypto-focused VC firm has invested in several zero-knowledge projects, such as StarkWare (a provider of scalable ZKP solutions), Aztec (a protocol for private transactions on Ethereum), and Aleo (a platform for private applications).

Placeholder: The thesis-driven VC firm has supported several zero-knowledge projects, such as Filecoin (a decentralized storage network), Zcash (a privacy-preserving cryptocurrency), and 3Box (a platform for user-centric data management).

The field of ZKPs is rapidly evolving and expanding, with new techniques and applications being discovered and explored. ZKPs have the potential to revolutionize various domains, such as finance, health care, education, and social media, by enabling trustless verification and privacy preservation. Zero-knowledge is back in the spotlight, and it is here to stay.

Ripple, SEC argue to the very end on lawsuits bordering on Security Violations

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The long-awaited final hearing in the lawsuit between the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and Ripple Labs took place on January 28, 2024, with both parties presenting their closing arguments before Judge Analisa Torres.

The SEC accused Ripple of violating federal securities laws by selling XRP, its native cryptocurrency, to investors without registering it as a security. The SEC claimed that XRP was an investment contract that gave buyers an expectation of profits based on Ripple’s efforts to develop and promote the XRP ledger, a decentralized network for cross-border payments.

Ripple denied the allegations and argued that XRP was not a security, but a digital asset that served as a medium of exchange and a utility token. Ripple also contended that the SEC lacked jurisdiction and authority to regulate XRP, which was not offered or sold in the U.S., but in foreign markets. Ripple further asserted that the SEC’s lawsuit was arbitrary, capricious and contrary to the public interest, as it created uncertainty and confusion in the crypto industry and harmed millions of XRP holders.

The final hearing lasted for more than three hours, with both sides reiterating their main points and rebutting each other’s arguments. Judge Torres listened attentively and asked several questions to clarify the issues. She did not indicate when she would issue her ruling but said she would do so as soon as possible.

The outcome of the case could have significant implications for the future of crypto regulation in the U.S., as well as for the fate of Ripple and XRP. If the SEC prevails, Ripple could face hefty fines and penalties, and XRP could be delisted from major exchanges and lose most of its value. If Ripple wins, it could set a precedent for other crypto projects facing similar scrutiny from the SEC, and boost XRP’s adoption and price.

Bitcoin ETFs see net outflows for four straight days.

Bitcoin exchange-traded funds (ETFs) have experienced net outflows for four consecutive days, according to data from ETF.com. This indicates that some investors are losing confidence in the cryptocurrency’s rally and are taking profits off the table.

Bitcoin ETFs are funds that track the price of bitcoin and trade on traditional stock exchanges. They offer investors exposure to the digital asset without having to buy or store it directly. Bitcoin ETFs have been in high demand since they launched in the US in October 2021, attracting billions of dollars in inflows and boosting the liquidity and legitimacy of the crypto market.

However, the recent outflows suggest that some investors are cashing out after bitcoin hit a new all-time high of over $69,000 in November 2021. According to ETF.com, the largest bitcoin ETF, the ProShares Bitcoin Strategy ETF (BITO), saw net outflows of $113 million on January 25, 2024, followed by $71 million on January 26, $54 million on January 27, and $28 million on January 28. The total net outflows for the four-day period amounted to $266 million, or about 7% of the fund’s assets under management.

The outflows coincided with a drop in bitcoin’s price, which fell from around $40,000 on January 21 to below $39,000 on January 23, a decline of over 13%. Some analysts attributed the sell-off to regulatory uncertainty, as the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) announced that it would review the approvals of bitcoin futures ETFs and consider whether they should be allowed to continue operating.

The SEC’s move raised concerns that bitcoin ETFs could face stricter rules or even be delisted, which could hurt investor sentiment and demand. The SEC also warned that bitcoin ETFs may not provide investors with adequate protection from fraud, manipulation, and operational risks.

Despite the outflows and the price drop, some experts remain bullish on bitcoin and its ETFs in the long term. They argue that bitcoin ETFs provide a convenient and accessible way for investors to gain exposure to the crypto space, and that they will attract more institutional and retail investors as the market matures and stabilizes. They also point out that bitcoin’s fundamentals are still strong, as it has a limited supply, a growing adoption, and a resilient network.

Bitcoin ETFs may face some volatility and challenges in the short term, but they are likely to recover and grow in the long term, as they reflect the increasing interest and innovation in the crypto industry.