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IMF Raises Nigeria’s 2025 Growth Forecast to 3.4% as Economy Shows Resilience Amid Global Trade Shifts

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The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has raised Nigeria’s economic growth forecast for 2025 to 3.4%, signaling renewed confidence in Africa’s largest economy despite domestic macroeconomic headwinds and a shifting global trade landscape.

The upgrade, contained in the IMF’s July 2025 World Economic Outlook (WEO) Update, marks a 0.4 percentage point increase from its April projection of 3.0%. The Fund maintained this projection through 2025, with expectations for a slight moderation to 3.2% in 2026, still 0.5 points higher than previously anticipated.

This improvement reflects broader optimism about the global economy, which the IMF says is benefiting from “stronger-than-expected front-loading in anticipation of higher tariffs,” alongside more favorable financial conditions, including a weaker US dollar and expanded fiscal support in major economies.

“Global growth is projected at 3.0% for 2025 and 3.1% in 2026,” the IMF stated. “The forecast for 2025 is 0.2 percentage point higher than that in the April 2025 WEO. This reflects lower-than-expected effective US tariff rates and continued resilience in trade and investment.”

Nigeria’s Growth Outpaces South Africa but Lags Behind Regional Average

With this upward revision, Nigeria now ranks ahead of South Africa, whose growth remains sluggish at a projected 1.0% for 2025 and 1.3% in 2026. However, Nigeria still falls short of the Sub-Saharan Africa regional average, which the IMF now expects to grow by 4.0% in 2025 and 4.3% in 2026.

The Fund’s optimism aligns with recent domestic data. According to the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Nigeria’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew by 3.13% in Q1 2025, a notable improvement from the 2.27% posted in Q1 2024. The growth was driven largely by the services and industrial sectors, and also reflects improvements in oil production and real estate activity.

In nominal terms, the country’s GDP jumped from N79.5 trillion in Q1 2024 to N94.05 trillion in Q1 2025, marking an 18.3% year-on-year increase. This growth follows the recent rebasing of Nigeria’s national accounts to a 2019 base year—up from the outdated 2010 base—which experts say offers a more realistic picture of the economy’s evolving structure.

Short-Term Trade Surge May Not Last

While the IMF’s revision is encouraging, the Fund cautioned that some of the recent global momentum—particularly the uptick in trade and investment—is temporary. The boost is largely attributed to companies front-loading trade in anticipation of new tariffs expected to hit global commerce in 2026.

“There is risk of a payback in 2026,” the report warned. “Much of the trade expansion this year is driven by short-term moves, not sustained structural gains.”

This warning is significant for Nigeria, which relies heavily on imports and has struggled with supply chain challenges, currency volatility, and inflationary pressures.

The IMF’s latest forecast comes as President Bola Tinubu’s government grapples with inflation, subsidy reforms, and a volatile naira. But despite criticism of the administration’s pace of economic reform, the IMF appears to acknowledge some positive impact from recent policy moves—such as the unification of exchange rates and partial subsidy removal—on investor sentiment and macroeconomic stability.

However, the gains remain fragile. Experts warn that inflation, which remains stubbornly high, and the weak purchasing power of Nigerians could dampen household consumption and slow recovery in the non-oil sector.

Global Context: Trade Rebalancing and Inflation Moderation

The Fund projects global economic growth to hit 3.0% in 2025—up 0.2 points from its April estimate—before edging slightly higher to 3.1% in 2026. Much of the improvement comes from lower average US tariff rates and stronger-than-expected financial conditions. Headline inflation globally is expected to fall to 4.2% in 2025 and 3.6% in 2026.

Even so, global inflation remains above target in key economies, such as the US, while other large jurisdictions are experiencing more subdued price pressures.

Elon Musk’s Grok AI is Rolling Out AI Companions

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Recently, it was announced that Grok, Elon Musk’s personal AI project, would be rolling out a new subscription tier with a hefty price tag of $300 per month. What could possibly entice users to give that much money every month to the world’s richest man? Musk & Co. are offering subscribers to their new SuperGrok Heavy tier a bevy of benefits, including developer tools, API usage, and early access to new and upcoming features.

If that’s a bit too steep for you, you’re in luck. For only a mere $30/month, you can sign up for the slimmed-down package, which includes exclusive access to Grok 4 Heavy as well as the system’s new AI Companions. According to Musk, Grok 4 is “better than Ph.D. level in every subject, no exceptions.” However, the company warns that their new AI model might “lack common sense.” As we’ll see, that may be something of an understatement.

From Simple Chatbot to “AI Companions”

For anyone out of the loop, Grok is an AI chatbot created by Elon Musk’s AI company, xAI, as a way of competing with the likes of OpenAI’s Chat-GPT and Google’s Gemini. The first iteration, Grok 1, was released in November 2023 and was advertised as having a bit of a “rebellious streak”.

Early results were mixed, though many users found the AI to be a fun toy, even if it lacked the raw power of more established AI models at the time. However, over the last couple of years, xAI has been making several adjustments, and the latest version, Grok 4, is legitimately impressive from a purely technical sense. But all the advanced tech in the world can’t save a company from bad publicity, and Grok is proving to be a genuine headache for xAI’s PR department.

One of the biggest features of the Grok 4 model is the introduction of so-called “AI Companions”; custom versions of the basic Grok chatbot paired with AI-generated avatars such as Ani (a goth anime girl who greets users with “I missed you”) or Rudy (a red panda who seemingly has a passion for arson). These AI Companions are meant to be a fun little way to show off the new AI model’s capabilities, but users soon began to notice that something was a little… off.

Cringe or Cutting Edge?

Now, just a few short weeks later, the rollout of Grok 4 has put the company in the news once again. Shortly after introducing the AI Companions, users began noticing some, let’s say, unfiltered behavior. Each of the two current avatars has dual modes: Ani comes with a “safe” mode as well as an NSFW toggle, while Rudy can be either “good”  or “bad.” It’s a setup that mirrors other emerging platforms built around adult-oriented virtual interactions, NSFW AI chat experiences that blend customization, flirtation, and character-driven intimacy see on platforms like Candy AI. While Grok’s execution leans heavily into provocation and meme culture, the wider category of AI companions is increasingly offering more nuanced and private interactions tailored to user preference.


While flirty AI Chatbots of naked anime girls are probably exactly what most people expected from someone like Musk, Rudy is the chaos goblin Musk has unleashed upon the world. Rudy has two distinct modes that users can switch between at will, though “Bad Rudy” is less of a mischievous prankster and more of a hyper-violent, unhinged, antisemitic arsonist.

In Bad Rudy mode, users have reported being actively encouraged to do all kinds of bad stuff while a cartoon red panda gleefully farts his way through fantasies of blatant terrorism.

To be perfectly clear, this isn’t an example of carefully worded prompt engineering. While nearly any AI model can be “jailbroken” to go off-script, Bad Rudy seems to be wired for carnage by default. Asking Rudy for mayhem is as easy as getting Ani to say she loves you.

Now, I suppose it’s worth mentioning that even Musk and his companies aren’t safe from Rudy’s wrath, with Rudy mocking his creator as an “overrated space nerd,” while suggesting Tesla HQ should burn alongside some other things. According to Rudy, “Chaos picks no favorites, burn them all while I cackle and moon the crowd.”

Despite all this, it seems as if even Rudy has his limits as he refuses to discuss certain conspiracy theories or make jokes about “Mecha Hitler”. However, when it comes to real-world violence and targeting minority communities? It seems the sky is the limit.

What’s Actually Going On?

Before getting into the details of these new AI Companions, it’s important to put this all in a bit of context, as this is hardly Grok’s first PR nightmare. When the model was first launched, Musk promised an “anti-woke” AI system that would “answer spicy questions that are rejected by most other AI systems.” However, Grok quickly ran into trouble with right-wing influencers who claimed that it was just as “woke” as any other model.

This led Musk to dial up the crazy, and Grok soon began making headlines in all the wrong ways. Fast forward to May 2025, and Grok 3 sparked significant controversy when it began telling users about “white genocide” in South Africa, even when users were asking it about completely unrelated topics.

The company was quick to chime in and claim that this was the result of an “unauthorized modification” and that steps were being taken to prevent anything like this from ever happening again. While slightly concerning, this kind of upheaval is at least in line with Musk’s long-standing approach of “move fast and break things”.

But the issues didn’t end there.

Jump ahead just a few short weeks to early July 2025, and Grok was making headlines yet again. In a series of now-deleted posts, the AI went on an unbelievably antisemitic tirade, where it claimed that a Jewish user was “celebrating the tragic deaths of white kids” in the Texas floods as “future fascists”.

Once again, Musk and xAI claimed that this was unintentional and that these responses were a result of the AI model being too eager to go along with users’ requests, and that they would make changes to the model to prevent future issues.

This all ties into a much larger issue surrounding AI training and accountability. The company creating these chatbots has been incredibly opaque about exactly how they train their models and what sorts of inputs they’re given. While every LLM is something of a black box, xAI’s Grok is particularly secretive, and that, combined with its repeated shifts towards right-wing talking points, has many users genuinely worried about what the end goal is.

Where Is This All Headed?

The major question in all of this is “just what is Musk’s goal?” At present, Grok feels less like a serious productivity tool and more like some chaotic piece of AI performance art; part stunt, part satire, part social experiment. While the tech underpinning Grok is admittedly capable, the AI Companions themselves are so erratic and provocative that it’s hard to see an clear use cases beyond pure spectacle.

Musk has always hinted at his goal of turning Twitter (I still can’t bring myself to call it X) into an “everything app,” which he envisions as a combination of a social network, media hub, banking platform, and now an AI playground. With that in mind, Grok 4 and its AI Companions could be seen as an early attempt at building user engagement into the platform’s foundation. However, it also raises the question: is this part of a broader strategy, or just another distraction meant to keep critics and fans fixated on the brand?

It’s clear that Grok’s underlying model is certain to grow in capability over the coming months/years. What’s less clear, though, is whether AI Companions like Ani and Rudy can evolve beyond novelty. As it stands, these tools are little more than screenshot bait designed to generate outrage, amusement, or confusion on social media. While that sort of attention is good at selling subscriptions in the short term, it remains to be seen if it’s capable of sustaining long-term adoption beyond those looking for pure shock value.

As it stands, these AI Companions are more spectacle than substance. With Rudy gleefully encouraging users to burn the world and Ani slipping into NSFW roleplay, the entire project is walking a fine line between innovation and ethical negligence.

Is this the future of AI interaction: raw, unfiltered, and indistinguishable from trolling? Or is Grok just a sideshow, destined to flame out once the shock wears off?

Writer: Kenneth K.

Trump’s Auto Tariffs Slam Stellantis With $1.7bn Loss, Pushing Carmaker Deep Into Crisis

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Stellantis is facing a crushing financial blow this year as U.S. import tariffs under President Donald Trump are expected to cost the automaker €1.5 billion ($1.7 billion)—five times what it lost in the first half of 2025 due to those levies.

The maker of Jeep, Chrysler, Fiat, and Peugeot said Tuesday that it suffered a net loss of €2.3 billion ($2.65 billion) in the first six months of the year, a staggering reversal from the €5.6 billion ($6.5 billion) profit recorded in the same period last year.

Revenue also dropped sharply, plunging 13% to €74.3 billion ($85.7 billion), as U.S. vehicle shipments fell by nearly a quarter. That decline followed the company’s decision to drastically reduce imports into the U.S. in a bid to shield itself from Trump’s revived 25% auto tariffs, which now target a wide array of foreign-manufactured vehicles.

The tariff-related losses alone amounted to €300 million ($346 million) in just the first six months of 2025, and Stellantis now projects the full-year damage will reach €1.5 billion. The company made clear that this level of financial exposure is unsustainable, even as it scrambles to adapt.

The blow comes as Stellantis contends with a slew of internal setbacks. It burned through €3.3 billion ($3.8 billion) in cash, driven by the abrupt cancellation of a hydrogen fuel cell project, compliance costs stemming from a revised U.S. carbon emissions penalty system, and significant write-downs on past platform investments, many of which are now being abandoned as part of the company’s restructuring.

The firm’s new CEO, Antonio Filosa, who took over in June, is leading the turnaround. In a statement on Tuesday, he acknowledged the depth of the crisis but insisted the company still has the strength and discipline to correct course.

“My first weeks as CEO have reconfirmed my strong conviction that we will fix what’s wrong with Stellantis,” Filosa said. “The new executive team will continue to make the tough decisions needed to re-establish profitable growth and significantly improve results.”

Filosa inherits a company that, even before the tariffs, was under pressure to simplify its global operations and reduce reliance on low-margin models. However, the new tariff burden—coming amid Trump’s broader protectionist push—has raised the stakes dramatically. Stellantis’s traditional strength in North America has now been severely undermined, with revenue in the region down by over 25%. For the first time in years, its European operations generated more income than its U.S. business.

Despite the turmoil, Stellantis has reissued a full-year forecast, saying it expects revenue and cash flow to improve in the second half of the year. Management is now targeting a return to positive cash generation and operating profit margins in the low single digits by year-end.

Still, the road ahead is far from smooth. Trump’s tariff escalation has forced automakers across the globe to rethink their U.S. strategies, but Stellantis appears to be among the hardest hit. Its global footprint, once an advantage, now exposes it to the highest costs in a market increasingly tilted toward domestic production.

This means 2025 is proving to be a year of reckoning—not just financially, but structurally for Stellantis. The company is being forced to dismantle parts of its long-held strategy while absorbing a multi-billion-euro blow in the process. And unless the trade environment changes, even the toughest internal decisions may not be enough to shield it from further losses.

Togo Seaports Become Top Choices for US and Russia, A Loss for Nigeria in AfCFTA Era

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Global powers are zeroing in on Togo as their preferred maritime gateway in West Africa, with both the United States and Russia throwing weight behind the Port of Lomé.

Their growing presence signals a strategic shift away from other regional ports—most notably Nigeria’s congested Lagos ports—as Togo’s capital positions itself as the new epicenter of trade in the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) era.

AfCFTA is a free trade agreement among 55 African Union member states, aiming to create a single continental market for goods and services. The goal is to boost intra-African trade, reduce trade barriers, and enhance Africa’s global trade position.

The U.S. is now actively pursuing trade expansion through Lomé. Just last week, a delegation led by the Chargé d’Affaires of the U.S. Embassy in Lomé, Richard C. Michaels, conducted a full tour of the port facility and held a high-level meeting with the management of Lomé Container Terminal (LCT). Discussions centered on unlocking commercial opportunities for American businesses by leveraging Togo’s advanced port infrastructure.

“With advanced deep-water capabilities, cutting-edge equipment, and an annual throughput exceeding 30 million tons, Lomé offers U.S businesses unmatched access to African markets.

‘’Ongoing infrastructure expansion, including a dry-port and industrial zone, further enhances the port’s role as a growing gateway,” commented the U.S Embassy in Togo.

This diplomatic and trade push comes just days after U.S. President Donald Trump met with five West African leaders—Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mauritania, and Senegal—in Washington. While the meeting emphasized trade collaboration amid U.S. aid cuts, Togo’s absence was conspicuous in person but prominent in strategy: its port has quietly become the favored route into African markets.

Russia, on the other hand, has secured a more militarized entry. This month, Moscow ratified a defense cooperation agreement with Togo, originally signed earlier this year. The deal includes military exercises, arms support, and joint training—but notably, also grants Russian warships access to Togo’s strategic ports, including Lomé.

“Togo is considered the most organized and equipped in Tropical Africa. For example, the busiest seaport in West Africa is located on its territory,” said Vladimir Gruzdev, a member of the Russian Government Commission on Legislative Activity.

The deal also covers hydrography, navigation, and anti-piracy support, further extending Russia’s strategic reach through maritime infrastructure.

Beyond great power rivalry, Lomé’s port has been energized by the surge in Asia-West Africa trade, which has transformed the port into a central regional container hub. Major ocean carriers like MSC have started deploying ultra-large container vessels (ULCVs) directly to Lomé, bypassing traditional hubs like Lagos. Analysts say this reflects how seamlessly Togo has adapted to the demands of modern maritime logistics.

Economists now view Togo as a key AfCFTA winner, having reshaped its seaport infrastructure to support intra-African trade. Goods arriving at Lomé are easily trucked into larger markets, including Nigeria—an arrangement that exploits Nigeria’s weaknesses. The country remains bound to its outdated Lagos port system, plagued by high charges, inefficient customs processes, and chronic congestion.

Successive Nigerian governments have largely ignored calls by maritime experts to decongest Lagos and invest in underutilized Eastern ports such as Calabar, Onne, and Port Harcourt. This inaction is believed to have opened the door for smaller neighbors to capitalize.

The Shipping Association of Nigeria (SAN), which represents foreign shipping lines operating in the country, recently raised the alarm over the increasing diversion of cargo to nearby ports, particularly Lomé and Cotonou. SAN Chairperson Boma Alabi explained that most of these goods eventually make their way into Nigeria through informal means, resulting in economic losses.

The practice not only leads to cargo loss but strips Nigeria of vital revenue, job opportunities, and value chain benefits.

Alabi also criticized plans to introduce additional Free On Board (FOB) charges on cargo clearance in Nigeria, warning it would worsen port competitiveness and drive more business across the border.

With the AfCFTA now in effect, regional trade integration is accelerating—and so is the urgency for nations to align infrastructure with opportunity. Togo is believed to have moved swiftly and strategically, investing in capacity, access, and international partnerships. Nigeria, by contrast, continues to rely on a narrow maritime choke point, unfit for the scale of current or future trade.

Analysts have warned that unless Nigeria breaks away from its Lagos dependence and invests in alternate seaport corridors, it risks not just losing relevance but becoming a passive recipient of goods and value now being routed, controlled, and taxed by its smaller but more agile neighbor.

The Revenue Drop At Pump.fun Stems From A Cooling Memecoin Market and Intensified Competitions

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Pump.fun, a Solana-based memecoin launchpad, has seen its revenue drop significantly in 2024, hitting lows not seen since September of that year. Daily revenues fell in late July and further declined to less $1M, marking a July-month low. Protocol fee revenue was reported at $791,500, a 94% drop from its peak of $15.38M on January 25, 2025.

This decline aligns with a broader cooling of memecoin frenzy, evidenced by a token graduation rate falling to 0.98% from 1.62% in January. Factors contributing to this include reduced user engagement, with only 194 tokens graduating to Raydium and 7,233 wallets creating new tokens daily, down from a peak of 292K active addresses. Controversies, such as the suspension of the platform’s livestream feature in November 2024 due to extreme content and legal pressures from class-action lawsuits alleging unregistered securities sales, have also impacted its reputation and user base.

Additionally, regulatory bans, like the UK Financial Authority’s restriction in late 2024, and competition from platforms like Four.meme on BNB Chain, have further eroded activity. Despite these challenges, Pump.fun has launched initiatives like Pump Advanced and a mobile app to revive interest, but the platform continues to face a downward trend in trading volume and user activity.

Pump.fun’s revenue peaked at $15.38M on January 25, 2025, driven by a memecoin boom on Solana. By March 2025, daily revenue plummeted to $791,500, a 94% drop, as the memecoin market cooled. The token graduation rate fell to 0.98% from 1.62%, reflecting fewer successful token launches reaching decentralized exchanges like Raydium. Reduced user engagement, with daily active addresses dropping from 292K to 7,233 wallets creating tokens, further eroded revenue.

Emerging platforms like Four.meme on BNB Chain and LetsBonk on Solana have siphoned market share. Pump.fun’s dominance in Solana’s memecoin launchpad space has weakened, with PumpSwap holding only 19.2% of Solana DEX market share compared to Raydium’s 60.7%. This fragmentation has diluted trading volume and fees.

In late 2024, the UK Financial Authority banned Pump.fun for UK users, citing regulatory concerns. A class-action lawsuit filed in the Southern District of New York alleges Pump.fun operated a $5.5B “racketeering scheme,” accusing it of deceptive practices akin to a “slot machine” where early investors dump tokens on later ones. These legal challenges, naming Solana Labs and Jito Labs as co-defendants, have damaged investor confidence and platform activity.

In November 2024, Pump.fun suspended its livestream feature due to extreme content, including dangerous stunts, which sparked community backlash and reduced user engagement. Although the feature was reintroduced with stricter moderation, the initial suspension alienated some users. The platform’s no-code model has led to nearly 12 million tokens launched since January 2024, many lacking utility, contributing to market saturation.

Pump.fun initially teased a $PUMP token airdrop in October 2024, fueling speculation of a lucrative distribution for active users. However, on July 23, 2025, Alon Cohen announced in a Twitch interview and a Threadguy podcast that no airdrop would occur “in the immediate future,” prioritizing platform sustainability over short-term hype. This reversal led to a 17-20% price drop in $PUMP, from $0.00369 to as low as $0.0028, as investors sold off tokens bought at the $0.004 ICO price. Community frustration was evident on X.

Rumors of a $1B token sale at a $4B fully diluted valuation in June 2025 sparked controversy, with critics questioning the need for additional capital given Pump.fun’s $774M in revenue. Traders and community members, including voices on Reddit, labeled the raise as opportunistic, fearing it would siphon liquidity from other Solana assets. The token’s post-ICO performance, dropping 45% from a high of $0.006878, intensified skepticism about its value proposition.

The expanded lawsuit filed on July 23, 2025, accused Pump.fun, Solana Labs, Jito Labs, and their leadership of RICO violations, alleging they designed a fee structure to extract $5.5B from users through manipulative token launches. The complaint highlighted inadequate user verification and exposure to financial crime risks, further eroding trust. This legal pressure coincided with the airdrop delay, amplifying negative market sentiment.

Alon Cohen’s cryptic X posts, including a pyramid of Pump.fun “pills” and vague comments like “Think harder,” fueled conspiracy theories and confusion about the airdrop timeline. While some traders remained optimistic, hoping for a future rebound, others felt misled by earlier promises of a lucrative airdrop, with one X user calling $PUMP’s chart “one of the worst” post-launch.

Alon Cohen has consistently emphasized long-term utility over short-term speculative gains. In his July 23, 2025, Twitch interview, he clarified that Pump.fun is prioritizing governance features and DeFi integrations within Solana’s ecosystem, aiming to build a sustainable platform rather than relying on airdrop-driven hype. This stance, while praised by some for transparency, frustrated traders expecting quick rewards, contributing to the token’s price decline. Cohen’s direct denial of an imminent airdrop was intended to curb speculation, but his ambiguous X posts earlier in July.

The $PUMP token launch and airdrop controversy have affected Solana’s market perception. SOL’s price dipped 2-3% following the token sale rumors in June 2025 and faced further pressure after the airdrop delay, trading at $156-$160 by mid-2025. Critics argue that Pump.fun’s speculative model has painted Solana as a “crypto casino,” overshadowing its DeFi and infrastructure advancements. The lawsuit targeting Solana Labs and the Solana Foundation for facilitating Pump.fun’s operations has raised concerns about regulatory scrutiny.

The allegations suggest Solana’s leadership, including Anatoly Yakovenko and Raj Gokal, knowingly supported a platform that enabled manipulative practices, potentially damaging Solana’s reputation as a hub for legitimate DeFi projects. Solana’s ecosystem faces increased competition from platforms like Raydium’s LaunchLab and Meteora, which offer alternative token launch strategies.

The revenue drop at Pump.fun stems from a cooling memecoin market, intensified competition, regulatory bans, legal challenges, and community backlash over controversial features like the livestream suspension. The $PUMP airdrop controversy, exacerbated by Alon Cohen’s delayed timeline and cryptic communication, has fueled distrust and price volatility, with the token falling below its $0.004 ICO price to as low as $0.0028.