As artificial intelligence reshapes the modern workplace and transforms how people write, code, and create, Bluesky CEO Jay Graber is warning that one thing must remain intact: critical thinking.

According to her, the temptation to hand over reasoning tasks to machines could weaken our most essential human skill—judgment.

“AI is able to automate a lot of critical-reasoning tasks, and if we fully outsource our own reasoning, it’s actually not good enough to run in an automated fashion,” Graber told Business Insider in a recent interview. “You can’t just fully outsource your thinking, or an essay, to AI.”

Graber’s comments come at a time when AI tools like ChatGPT and Claude are increasingly used for essay writing, customer support, moderation, and even software development. Bluesky, the decentralized social media platform she leads, uses AI to assist with moderation and content curation. But Graber stressed that Bluesky never allows AI systems to operate autonomously. Every AI-generated suggestion is reviewed by a human because context, she said, is everything.

“When you let it run autonomously, it doesn’t have actual context or intelligence, or the many things that we need as humans to make good decisions,” she explained. “And so it’s producing stuff that sounds or looks right without actually being right.”

AI Can Do the Work—But Do You Know How to Judge It?

Graber emphasized that as AI becomes more capable, the human role is evolving—from direct output to judgment and refinement. Whether it’s writing or coding, she believes users must still understand the fundamentals.

“If you don’t know what good code looks like, if you don’t know how to actually build a system, you’re not going to be able to evaluate its output,” she said.

AI can generate text or even solve bugs, but without the ability to assess and correct what it produces, the risk of flawed reasoning or misleading content grows.

Build the Thinking Muscle—Don’t Let It Atrophy

Graber advised students to push back against convenience and actually write essays by hand. The goal, she explained, is to build up the “muscle for critical thinking”—not weaken it by overusing AI shortcuts. The long-term risk, she warned, is a world filled with content that “sounds or looks right without actually being right.”

She also championed a generalist mindset, encouraging individuals to develop a wide range of skills rather than relying on AI as a crutch. In her view, AI is like packaged expertise, but human discernment is what gives that knowledge value.

“You need to have the good judgment of how you’re going to use it, and then you have to have the flexibility to take that knowledge and do something useful with it,” Graber said.

The Takeaway: Use AI, But Don’t Let It Use You

As artificial intelligence becomes a core part of everything from business to education, experts like Graber and Chowdhury are urging caution, not because AI is inherently harmful, but because human judgment is irreplaceable.

Bluesky’s refusal to let AI run unchecked is a case in point. “We’re never going to let it make decisions on its own,” Graber said. “Because it doesn’t understand what’s at stake.”

In sum, Graber is saying: in a world increasingly shaped by algorithms, the ability to think critically, ask the right questions, and apply sound judgment may be the most valuable skill of all.

In this video podcast, “The Next Phase of Startup Opportunities in Nigeria,” I provide an analysis of Nigeria’s economic evolution through technological innovation and the critical areas for future growth in the nation’s entrepreneurial ecosystem.

The lecture begins by establishing a historical context, tracing Nigeria’s journey through distinct decades of transformation. The 1990s saw the emergence of “new generation banks” like Guaranty Trust Bank and Zenith Bank. These institutions, leveraging technology, gained significant competitive advantages, unlocked substantial market value, and cultivated customer loyalty, effectively laying the groundwork for modern financial innovation in the country. This period is retrospectively termed “FinTech 1.0.”

The 2000s marked the telecommunication revolution with the advent of mobile operators such as MTN and Econet. This brought widespread voice telephony, enabling mobile communication across Nigeria and creating a new wave of market opportunities. Building on this, the 2010s witnessed the transformative power of the mobile internet. Mobile devices evolved into versatile tools, serving as virtual bank branches, stores, and more, fundamentally reshaping nearly every aspect of Nigerian life by making services and commerce widely accessible via smartphones.

Currently, Nigeria is in a fledgling age of application utility. This era is characterized by the development of “combinatorial systems” that capitalize on the mobile internet’s pervasive nature. Entrepreneurs are actively creating solutions across diverse verticals, aiming to resolve deep-seated market frictions. A significant disruptor in this landscape is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which is poised to revolutionize and transform numerous industries.

Podcaster Ndubuisi Ekekwe, issues a stark warning: over 80% of existing Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) companies, particularly in emerging nations, risk “disintermediation” (being replaced or bypassed) if they fail to integrate AI capabilities into their operations.

The core of the presentation lies in its categorization of opportunities into three “stacks”:

1. Downstream Stack: FinTech (The “Rainmaker”): FinTech has been the primary driver of the Nigerian startup scene due to its foundational role in all business transactions – the ability to pay and get paid. It served as a crucial “catalyst,” a necessary “friction that had to be fixed,” before other sectors could truly flourish. Podcaster Ndubuisi Ekekwe asserts that this stack is now “largely fixed,” meaning the fundamental infrastructure for easy payments is in place, clearing the path for subsequent phases of development.
2. Midstream Stack: Software Systems: This stack encompasses the myriad software solutions being developed by young entrepreneurs across various industries, including e-commerce, education, and more. While innovative, the growth and full potential of this “midstream stack” are inherently constrained by the limitations of the “upstream stack.”
3. Upstream Stack: The Next Frontier of Value Creation: This is identified as the most critical area for future growth. The upstream stack refers to foundational, core infrastructure and systemic issues that, once addressed, will unlock immense value across the midstream stack and the broader economy. Key areas within this stack include:
   • Logistics: Crucial for e-commerce to expand beyond current geographical limitations. Without robust logistics, e-commerce businesses remain locally confined, unable to achieve true “electronic” reach.
   • Storage Facilities (Agriculture/Commodity Trading): A significant challenge, particularly highlighted by the lack of a comprehensive “warehouse receipt system” in Nigeria. Such a system would enable the efficient pricing, storage, and trading of physical commodities (like palm oil, cocoa, sorghum) without requiring physical presence, akin to global gold or crude oil markets.
   • Broadband Internet Penetration: Insufficient broadband infrastructure continues to impede the effective delivery and impact of online educational content and other internet-dependent technologies.
   • Electricity/Power: A fundamental requirement for the development of modern manufacturing and the “factories of the future.”
   • Rule of Law/Intellectual Property Protection: Essential for fostering and protecting businesses operating in “intense intellectual property” sectors.

The presentation strongly emphasizes that addressing these upstream opportunities often necessitates Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). Individual startups typically lack the capacity and resources to tackle such large-scale infrastructural and systemic challenges alone. The speaker warns that if the upstream stack remains unaddressed, the midstream stack will stay “largely frozen,” unable to realize its full potential.

In conclusion, the lecture posits that the FinTech “deal is done” in its role as a primary enabler. The strategic focus for capturing significant value in Nigeria’s entrepreneurial capitalism must now shift squarely to solving the foundational problems within the upstream stack. This requires a collaborative approach involving governments and large multinational corporations, primarily through Public-Private Partnerships. By tackling these core infrastructural and systemic challenges, Nigeria can truly unlock unprecedented growth and opportunities across all sectors, transitioning from geographically bounded businesses to a genuinely national and electronic economy.

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