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Nigeria’s Exchange Rate Windfall Crashes 73% as Benchmark Shift Ends Arbitrage Bonanza

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Nigeria’s revenue from exchange rate gains plummeted by 73% in the first half of 2025, falling to N589.45 billion from N2.199 trillion in the same period last year, underscoring a fundamental reset in the country’s fiscal operations as market-based reforms choke off the arbitrage-driven windfalls that previously boosted government finances.

The figures, obtained from the Federation Account Allocation Committee (FAAC), show a steep reversal in a revenue stream that just a year ago contributed nearly a third of all FAAC allocations. By the first half of 2025, that share had dwindled to just 6.06%, marking the end of an era where exchange rate mismatches served as a backdoor revenue generator for the government.

The decline follows the federal government’s move to adjust the official budget benchmark for the naira to N1,500/$, in line with prevailing market rates, effectively closing the gap that once allowed massive naira surpluses when dollar inflows were converted at more favorable market rates compared to a lower budget assumption.

In 2024, when the official benchmark was still pegged at N800/$ while the naira traded around N1,455/$, this disparity created hefty profits on paper. But as the government aligned its assumptions with market conditions beginning in January 2025, those fiscal surpluses evaporated.

January Spike, Then Silence

The last major FX revenue boost came in January 2025, when N402.71 billion was distributed, largely reflecting earnings from December 2024, before the new benchmark took effect. Since then, with the naira averaging N1,475/$ in January and reaching N1,500/$ in February, the exchange rate convergence meant zero gains were recorded in February and March.

A comparison of June figures from both years reveals how dramatic the shift has been. In June 2024, exchange rate gains made up N507.46 billion—roughly 44% of the N1.143 trillion shared that month. One year later, that contribution dropped to just N76.61 billion, accounting for a mere 4.6% of the N1.659 trillion FAAC allocation.

Despite the collapse in this revenue line, total FAAC allocations rose to N9.723 trillion in H1 2025, up 35.6% from N7.171 trillion in the same period of 2024. The figures suggest that while arbitrage revenues have dried up, the overall revenue base has expanded, hinting at stronger inflows from oil, taxes, and other non-FX sources.

Federal Government Still Claims the Lion’s Share

Even as the gains shrank, the Federal Government maintained its dominant grip on FX-derived allocations. Of the N589.45 billion distributed from exchange rate gains between January and June 2025, the Federal Government took N280.93 billion. State governments received N140.26 billion, Local Governments N113.14 billion, and oil-producing states got N64.52 billion under the 13% derivation principle.

That distribution model remains largely unchanged from 2024, but with all categories suffering steep declines. The Federal Government’s FX windfall fell by 68.4% from N889.93 billion in H1 2024, while States and LGs saw 68.8% and 68.7% drops, respectively. Derivation revenue to oil-producing states dipped by 67.9%.

The figures once again highlight the heavily centralised nature of Nigeria’s fiscal system, where the Federal Government enjoys relative insulation from external shocks, while subnational entities face acute exposure to fluctuations in shared revenue.

Policy Reform Resets the Game

What Nigeria is witnessing is the natural consequence of a policy shift long advocated by market economists: a transparent, market-driven exchange rate system that minimizes distortions. The downside is the disappearance of “paper profits” created by exchange differentials, which had for years masked the country’s underlying revenue challenges.

Analysts note that with the budget benchmark now virtually mirroring the market rate, future gains from FX arbitrage are unlikely unless new volatility is introduced. While this deprives government coffers of one-time windfalls, it also forces a more sustainable fiscal structure, anchored in genuine revenue sources rather than exchange mismatches.

But it also means Nigeria must now lean more heavily on oil revenues, tax reform, and non-oil diversification to shore up finances, especially as global conditions remain uncertain. For states and LGs, already squeezed by inflation and rising wage demands, the pressure is intensifying.

Ultimately, the end of the arbitrage era signals a leaner but more disciplined fiscal architecture, though not without short-term pain, especially at the subnational level.

Workflow Optimization: Integrating EML to PDF Conversion into Your Document Management System

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Organizations today struggle with critical business information trapped in isolated EML files, creating accessibility and integration challenges. Converting these emails to PDF format delivers tangible workflow benefits through improved searchability, enhanced security, and streamlined archiving. Studies show companies implementing standardized document formats reduce information retrieval time by 28% and improve compliance outcomes. Integrating an Email to PDF converter into document management systems creates a unified ecosystem where all business communications become accessible, searchable, and properly secured alongside other critical documents.

Understanding EML files in business environments

What are EML files?

EML files contain individual email messages saved in RFC 822 standard format, including headers, message body, and attachments. Though widely supported by email clients, these files are primarily designed for email applications rather than document systems. Organizations typically encounter EMLs when manually saving important communications, through automated archiving, or during platform migrations.

Challenges with EML file management

Managing EML files creates significant workflow obstacles. These files require specialized email software for proper viewing, limiting stakeholder access. Integration difficulties create information silos within document repositories. Organizations struggle with inconsistent rendering across platforms and poor search capabilities within document contexts, making critical information retrieval cumbersome and inefficient for decision-makers.

Benefits of converting EML to PDF

Universal compatibility and accessibility

PDF documents offer exceptional cross-platform compatibility across all operating systems and devices. This universality eliminates specialized software requirements, allowing all stakeholders to access email content regardless of their technical environment. Mobile accessibility becomes seamless with consistent rendering on smartphones and tablets, removing technical barriers that typically slow document workflows.

Enhanced security and compliance features

Converting emails to PDF format strengthens document security through advanced protection mechanisms including password protection, permission controls, and digital signature integration.

These enhancements benefit regulated industries facing strict compliance requirements, while simplifying audit processes through consistent documentation trails.

Improved searchability and archiving

PDF conversion enhances information discovery through full-text indexing, making every word within emails discoverable through enterprise search. Metadata preservation ensures sender, recipient, date, and subject remain searchable. The PDF/A format addresses long-term archival needs by embedding all rendering resources, eliminating dependencies that could break over time and reducing information retrieval times.

Common document management systems and integration methods

Popular DMS compatibility

Leading document management systems offer varying support for PDF email integration. Enterprise platforms like SharePoint, Documentum, and OpenText provide robust PDF handling capabilities. Cloud solutions like Box and Google Workspace incorporate advanced PDF processing features. Vertical-specific systems for legal, healthcare, and financial services include specialized PDF tools designed for compliance. This universal compatibility creates workflow advantages across disparate platforms.

Integration approaches

Organizations can implement EML to PDF conversion through several approaches:

  • API-based integration
  • Middleware solutions
  • Watch folder automation
  • Batch processing utilities
  • Scheduled conversion jobs

These options provide implementation flexibility while accommodating different technical environments. The selected approach should align with existing infrastructure while supporting future scalability needs.

Implementing EML to PDF conversion workflows

Assessment and planning

Implementation begins with workflow analysis documenting current email processes and information flows. This assessment should identify stakeholders, access requirements, volume considerations, and technical integration points. Organization-specific requirements regarding retention policies, security needs, and compliance obligations must factor into planning to establish realistic expectations and identify potential workflow bottlenecks.

Automation strategies

Optimization relies on automation to eliminate manual processing. Scheduled conversions can process accumulated emails during off-peak hours. Rule-based processing enables intelligent handling based on content, sender, or other attributes. Event-triggered workflows automatically convert emails meeting predefined criteria. Organizations should implement graduated automation, beginning with simpler processes before advancing to more complex workflows.

Optimization metrics and ROI

Measuring success requires establishing quantifiable metrics demonstrating workflow improvements. Time savings calculations should document retrieval effort reductions. Storage optimization metrics can demonstrate more efficient resource utilization. User adoption rates indicate workforce acceptance, while compliance improvements highlight risk reduction benefits. These metrics provide tangible evidence of optimization while identifying areas for continued refinement.

Real-world workflow optimization examples

Before and after scenarios

A legal department previously spent 12 hours weekly searching for critical communications across email archives. After implementing PDF conversion integration, the team reduced search time to under 3 hours while improving discovery completeness. Similarly, a customer service organization transformed complaint resolution by automatically converting incoming email complaints to searchable PDFs, reducing resolution times by 35% through improved information access.

Cross-departmental benefits

Finance departments preserve vendor communications alongside corresponding invoices, creating comprehensive transaction documentation. Marketing teams improve compliance management for regulated promotional communications. Human resources departments create more complete employee files by incorporating relevant emails into personnel documentation. This enterprise-wide approach maximizes technology investment returns while creating consistent user experiences across all business units.

Conclusion

Integrating EML to PDF conversion into document management workflows bridges the communication-documentation gap that creates information silos and inefficiencies. This standardization improves accessibility, strengthens security, ensures long-term readability, and optimizes workflows across departments. The measurable benefits in time savings, compliance improvements, and information utilization make this a high-value opportunity. Organizations should evaluate their current email-to-document processes as potential targets for efficiency gains through systematic conversion implementation.

FAQ

Does converting EML to PDF preserve email attachments?

Yes, professional conversion tools preserve attachments either by embedding them directly within the PDF or maintaining them as linked files based on your configuration preferences.

How can EML to PDF conversion be automated in existing workflows?

Automation options include scheduled batch processing, watched folders, email server integration, and API-based processing triggered by specific events or conditions.

What happens to email metadata during conversion?

Quality converters preserve essential metadata including sender, recipient, timestamps, and subject lines as searchable PDF properties.

Which document management systems work best with this integration?

Enterprise platforms like SharePoint and OpenText offer robust integration, while most modern document systems provide basic compatibility due to PDF’s universal format.

How can we measure the ROI of implementing this workflow?

Key metrics include time savings in information retrieval, reduced storage costs, improved compliance outcomes, and enhanced productivity through better information accessibility.

JPMorgan Plans to Charge Fintech Middlemen Amid Surging Data Requests, Rising Fraud

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JPMorgan Chase is preparing to impose fees on fintech data aggregators like Plaid and MX, accusing them of flooding its systems with excessive, non-customer-initiated data requests that are both costly to maintain and prone to abuse.

The development, reported by CBNC, signals a major shift in the dynamics of open banking and could reshape the business models of many financial technology firms that have built services on free, direct access to customers’ bank data.

In a memo sent last week to JPMorgan’s retail payments head Melissa Feldsher, a company systems employee warned that aggregators are “accessing customer data multiple times daily, even when the customer is not actively using the app,” and that these access requests are “massively taxing our systems.” The memo, seen by CNBC, cited 1.89 billion data requests to JPMorgan’s systems in June alone, of which only 13% were tied to customer-initiated transactions.

The rest of the API calls — which form the backbone of data exchanges between banks and fintech apps — were largely associated with product improvements, fraud detection, or, in some cases, outright data harvesting for resale, according to a person familiar with the internal memo.

A Looming Fee and Industry Blowback

JPMorgan, the largest bank in the U.S. by assets, is reportedly set to begin charging fees for API access as early as October. That move has triggered backlash from fintech executives, crypto entrepreneurs, and venture capital investors who say the bank is abandoning the ethos of open banking and instead engaging in “anti-competitive, rent-seeking behavior.”

But JPMorgan insists the fees are necessary to cope with ballooning infrastructure costs and fraud risks. The bank’s internal data shows that the total API call volume has more than doubled over the past two years. In particular, ACH (automated clearing house) payments routed through aggregators were found to be 69% more likely to result in fraud claims, leading to $50 million in fraud costs for JPMorgan last year — a number it expects to triple within five years.

Among the 13 fintech aggregators tracked by the bank, one company accounted for more than 1.08 billion API requests in June alone — over half of the month’s total traffic. Although not named in the memo, CNBC confirmed that this dominant aggregator is Plaid, which JPMorgan’s data shows initiated only 6% of its API calls based on active user transactions.

Fintech’s Defense: This Is Industry Standard

Plaid has pushed back strongly against the bank’s accusations. In a statement, the company said JPMorgan’s interpretation of the data “misrepresents how data access works,” adding that once users grant permission to connect their accounts to fintech apps, ongoing background data syncing is an industry standard.

“Calling a bank’s API when a user is not present once they have authorized a connection is a standard industry practice supported by all major banks,” Plaid said. This ensures timely updates for important financial notifications, such as overdraft warnings or signs of suspicious activity.

Plaid also disputed JPMorgan’s claim that data aggregators were behind the surge in fraud, calling the assertion “misleading,” although it did not provide additional evidence. Instead, Plaid emphasized growing consumer demand for smarter and faster financial tools — a demand that inherently fuels higher data usage.

“To be clear, we believe it is essential that the data-sharing ecosystem works for everyone, including consumers, fintech developers, and financial institutions – many of whom leverage open banking in their own products,” the company added.

A Shifting Regulatory Environment

At the heart of the dispute lies a regulatory battle over the future of open banking in the U.S. A rule passed by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) during the Biden administration mandated that banks must provide data access to authorized third parties free of charge. But this rule is now facing legal challenges, with a major lawsuit led by the banking industry aiming to dismantle it.

Just a week after the rule’s passage in May, JPMorgan CEO Jamie Dimon called on fellow bankers to “fight back” against what he described as burdensome and unfair regulation. If the courts ultimately strike down the CFPB’s open banking directive, fintech aggregators may be forced to start paying banks substantial fees, and JPMorgan’s move could be the first domino to fall.

For Plaid, Forbes estimates that JPMorgan’s proposed fee structure could cost the company up to $300 million annually. The financial pressure would be far more manageable for smaller aggregators, though only four others in JPMorgan’s memo registered more than 100 million API calls in June.

A Market Redefining Moment

The ongoing negotiations between JPMorgan and the aggregators are reportedly active and evolving, with insiders noting that some companies are now open to “right-sizing” their call volumes. One individual close to the talks said, “I think both sides fully acknowledge there are things they could do to right-size call volume.”

But what’s playing out now is more than just a corporate spat — it’s the emergence of a new market reality. Fintech’s business model has long rested on free and easy access to user data from incumbent banks. If the legal protections underpinning that access collapse, and major institutions like JPMorgan begin charging hefty fees, fintech companies may be forced to radically rethink their operations.

Trump Tariff Rollback Hits Detroit Axle as Court Denies Relief Over De Minimis Import Ban

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A federal trade court on Monday declined to halt President Donald Trump’s order ending tariff exemptions for low-value goods imported into the U.S., a blow to auto parts retailer Detroit Axle, which had warned the move could cripple its business and force mass layoffs.

The U.S. Court of International Trade ruled that Detroit Axle’s lawsuit, filed in May, overlaps with a broader, ongoing case already challenging Trump’s sweeping trade measures, including his now-paused “reciprocal” tariffs. That case, V.O.S. Selections v. Trump, is already awaiting resolution in a federal appeals court.

In a brief but pointed opinion, the three-judge panel said it would not issue what it called “redundant, contingent relief,” effectively shelving Detroit Axle’s plea for emergency protection from the new import restrictions.

“This court has already granted, and the Federal Circuit subsequently stayed, all relief Axle requests,” the panel said, referring to the earlier V.O.S. case, where a ruling in May struck down Trump’s tariff authority before it was quickly stayed on appeal. The court has now stayed Detroit Axle’s case pending the outcome of that larger legal battle, which is scheduled for oral arguments this Thursday.

Detroit Axle, based in Michigan, had asked the court for a preliminary injunction against Trump’s April 3 executive order that revoked the de minimis exemption. This rule allowed goods valued below $800 to enter the country without tariffs. The exemption, long criticized by domestic manufacturers but widely used by e-commerce platforms like Shein and Temu, had become a lifeline for Detroit Axle amid the pressure of earlier tariffs imposed during Trump’s first term.

The company claimed that by routing orders through a distribution facility in Juarez, Mexico, and keeping shipment values under the $800 cap, it was able to maintain competitive prices and expand its U.S. customer base without incurring heavy import duties. That strategy has now collapsed under Trump’s latest action, which bans de minimis treatment specifically for Chinese-origin goods, citing a crackdown on “deceptive shipping practices” and hidden contraband such as synthetic opioids.

In court filings, Detroit Axle described the impact of Trump’s order as “swift and catastrophic,” saying the tariffs — now reaching as high as 72.5% on some Chinese parts — had made its operations financially untenable.

“Its frugal buyers will not bear the increased prices, and Detroit Axle cannot absorb them,” the company wrote, warning that without relief it would deplete its inventory by June and be forced to shutter facilities and lay off workers.

That scenario is now unfolding. In a June state filing, Detroit Axle confirmed plans to close its Ferndale, Michigan, warehouse and lay off 102 employees by August 25, citing “unforeseen circumstances” triggered by Trump’s trade actions. The company said the sudden tariff hike had severely disrupted its supply chain and left it with no viable way to sustain operations under the new cost burden.

While the company’s legal options now hinge on the fate of the broader appeal in the V.O.S. case, the immediate consequences are already hitting home. Trump’s move to aggressively curtail de minimis imports has stirred fears of collateral damage beyond Chinese online retailers, affecting small and mid-sized American firms like Detroit Axle that have built business models around low-cost international sourcing.

The broader fallout from Trump’s trade policies is being felt not only in domestic manufacturing but also across the globe, with U.S. allies and companies that had once benefited from the very global trade practices his administration is now seeking to shut down on the receiving end.

Dangote Urges Tinubu to Ban Fuel Imports Under ‘Nigeria First’ Policy, Sparks Fresh Monopoly Allegations, Pushback from Marketers, Experts

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Aliko Dangote, President of the Dangote Group, is calling on President Bola Tinubu to include refined petroleum products in the list of items banned under the Federal Government’s ‘Nigeria First’ policy.

Dangote made the request last week while addressing industry stakeholders at the Global Commodity Insights Conference on West African Refined Fuel Markets, organized by the Nigerian Midstream and Downstream Petroleum Regulatory Authority (NMDPRA) in partnership with S&P Global Insights.

Speaking at the conference, Dangote urged the Tinubu administration to apply the ‘Nigeria First’ policy—originally intended to bar public institutions from importing goods or services that can be sourced locally—to the petroleum sector. He insisted that the continued importation of petrol, diesel, and other refined products into Nigeria is discouraging local refining and driving away critical investment.

“The Nigeria First policy announced by His Excellency, President Bola Tinubu, should apply to the petroleum product sector and all other sectors,” Dangote said.

He argued that domestic refiners, including his $20 billion refinery in Lagos, are being undercut by the dumping of cheap, often toxic, fuel into the Nigerian market. Some of these imported fuels, according to him, would never be allowed into Europe or North America due to their substandard nature.

“We are now facing increased dumping of cheap, often toxic petroleum products… some of which are blended to substandard levels,” he said. “Due to the price caps on Russian petroleum products, discounted products produced in Russia or with discounted Russian crude find their way to Africa, severely undercutting our local production.”

Dangote went further to argue that Nigeria has already become a net exporter of refined fuel, revealing that between June and July 2025, his refinery exported approximately 1.35 billion liters of petrol.

Monopoly Concerns Resurface

But the demand has triggered immediate backlash from marketers, energy experts, and sections of the public, who accuse the billionaire of seeking to monopolize the oil sector, echoing similar accusations made against him in the cement industry.

Despite his assertion that the ban would protect local investment, many believe that the proposal reeks of monopolistic ambition. The request has revived longstanding concerns that Dangote is again attempting to control a critical sector of Nigeria’s economy, just as he is believed to have done in the cement industry, where his company has dominated market share for years amid allegations of regulatory capture and market manipulation.

“No, we cannot have a ban on petroleum imports. It’s not a legal ban. That would not be acceptable because we don’t have diverse sources for petroleum products. We can’t rely solely on the Dangote refineries. That would give a monopoly to a private individual,” an energy expert at the University of Lagos, Professor Dayo Ayoade, said, warning that it would promote monopolistic tendencies.

Many Nigerians, including oil marketers, have expressed concern that such a move would entrench Dangote’s dominance at the expense of competition and consumer welfare.

There is also concern that banning the importation of petroleum products contradicts the deregulation framework enshrined in the Petroleum Industry Act (PIA), which mandates a liberalized downstream sector where marketers are free to source and sell products without price controls or import restrictions.

Marketers and Experts Push Back

Against this backdrop, independent marketers and downstream operators who spoke to The Punch swiftly rejected Dangote’s proposal, reiterating that it would kill competition, spike fuel prices, and destabilize the sector.

“We independent marketers will depart from that request. If the government does that, that means we will not be able to check inflation and monopoly, since it is the only refinery operating in the country now. We should continue to import even as we buy locally,” said Chinedu Ukadike, Publicity Secretary of the Independent Petroleum Marketers Association of Nigeria (IPMAN).

“I heard that the NMDPRA stated clearly that Dangote cannot produce all the fuel that the country needs. We will appreciate it if the country allows importation to continue since we are not paying subsidy,” he added.

Ukadike also dismissed Dangote’s claim that importation would kill businesses and local refineries. He noted that although the country is no longer paying subsidies on fuel, allowing imports ensures price discovery and market checks.

“Importation won’t kill local businesses or refineries; it will strengthen them. It will ensure local refineries step up their game. I don’t agree with Dangote on this,” he said.

Billy Gillis-Harry, National President of the Petroleum Products Retail Outlet Owners Association of Nigeria (PETROAN), also opposed the idea.

“I don’t agree with Dangote. We are running a free economy. There’s no reason why any one company should have an overarching value on the entire industry,” he said.

He added that while the importation of locally available products like toothpicks or food items could be banned, refined petroleum products should remain open to market forces to ensure stability.

Protectionism vs. Deregulation

President Tinubu’s ‘Nigeria First’ policy, which restricts public procurement of foreign goods and services already available in Nigeria, is seen as a protectionist move to boost domestic industries. But experts argue that applying it to the petroleum sector—especially in a country that just exited fuel subsidy and enacted sweeping deregulation laws—would be illegal and economically self-defeating.

The Petroleum Industry Act (PIA), passed in 2021, legally supports deregulation of the downstream sector and emphasizes market-driven pricing. A fuel import ban would contradict both the letter and the spirit of the PIA, potentially triggering investor flight.

While Dangote’s monopoly concerns have been widely criticized, his call for regulators to revoke inactive refinery licenses has received some support.

“On that side, I agree with him,” Ukadike said. “You can’t obtain a refinery license and use it to decorate your house. The nation needs more refineries to export more.”

Dangote, for his part, insists his refinery has the capacity to meet Nigeria’s needs and produce for export. He recently said the facility, currently operating at 650,000 barrels per day (bpd), will scale up to 700,000 bpd by December.

He explained that his request was not to monopolize the sector but to produce local investments. Africa’s richest man noted that those who have the resources to invest in Nigeria keep taking their resources outside the country while they criticize local investors.

“Let me take this opportunity to address concerns around monopoly and dominance. The reality is that too many people who have the means and the opportunity to contribute meaningfully to our nation’s growth choose instead to criticize from the sidelines while investing their wealth abroad,” Dangote said.

His request to ban fuel imports comes just days after he stepped down as Chairman of Dangote Cement Plc to focus more on his $20 billion refinery and its supporting businesses in petrochemicals, fertilizer, and energy.

However, industry players say unless more refineries come onstream and market conditions become liberalized, any attempt to shut out fuel importation will be viewed not as patriotic but as an audacious play for market control.