Three days ago, a friend and I engaged in a profound conversation about mental health and spirituality, delving into the impact of culture and religion on how individuals and their families perceive mental health conditions. Our discussion unearthed an age-old tension that continues to persist between spirituality and clinical psychology. In the 21st century, despite the easy accessibility of information, it is perplexing to note that some mental health researchers appear wedded to confirmation biases, asserting there is no connection between spirituality and mental health conditions. If we relegate this relationship to mere quantitative measurement, we risk undermining the very essence of our epistemological knowledge. What purpose do our teachings serve when we dismiss alternative ways of understanding, perhaps to cater to the preferences of project funders? This tension in scholarship is a critical issue that demands our attention.
In this piece, we will explore the discourse surrounding mental health conditions in both Western and Islamic contexts, aiming to move beyond the biopsychosocial perspective traditionally held by medical professionals. We will then delve into the tensions and common ground between Western-style mental health practices and the Islamic approach to mental health therapies. To illuminate our discussion, we will present case studies illustrating two contrasting epistemologies about mental health conditions: the conventional clinical psychology approach and the perspective of Islamic exorcists, who believe that Jinns, invisible beings that coexist with humans, can cause certain inexplicable mental health conditions. From this exploration, we aim to derive valuable epistemological lessons that can help us overcome our confirmation biases regarding mental health conditions.
Understanding Mental Health Beyond Biopsychosocial Models
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In the Western world, the predominant approach to mental health typically follows the biopsychosocial model. This model considers mental health conditions as a result of biological, psychological, and social factors. It has been instrumental in advancing the field of psychiatry and psychology. However, it often falls short of comprehending the spiritual and cultural dimensions of mental health.
Islamic Approach to Mental Health
The Islamic world, on the other hand, offers a unique perspective on mental health. In Islamic cultures, spirituality and religion are deeply intertwined with everyday life. Mental health therapies in the Islamic world encompass not only psychological and social aspects but also a spiritual dimension. Many Islamic practitioners believe that Jinns, invisible spiritual beings, can influence an individual’s mental health. This perspective may appear unorthodox to Western thinkers, but it reflects an intricate system of belief that shapes mental health interventions in Islamic societies.
Two Epistemologies of Mental Health
Case Study 1: The Clinical Psychology Approach In the Western world, clinical psychologists have established a robust framework for understanding and treating mental health conditions. They rely on empirical research, standardized diagnostic criteria, and evidence-based therapies. The emphasis is on addressing the biological and psychological aspects of mental health, often sidelining spirituality. While this approach has yielded significant advancements, it can unintentionally marginalize individuals whose mental health struggles have spiritual dimensions.
Case Study 2: The Islamic Exorcism Approach Islamic exorcists, on the other hand, provide a strikingly different perspective. They believe that Jinns can afflict individuals and cause mental health conditions. As such, their approach integrates spiritual and psychological therapies, combining exorcism rituals with counselling. While this may seem unscientific to some, it offers insight into the spiritual and cultural intricacies of mental health in the Islamic world. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of considering diverse epistemologies in mental health care.
Epistemological Lessons
Our exploration of these two epistemologies yields valuable lessons for scholars and practitioners in the field of mental health. First, it underscores the importance of cultural sensitivity and inclusivity in mental health care. Recognizing the role of spirituality in individuals’ mental well-being is essential, and dismissing these beliefs can hinder effective treatment.
Second, it highlights the need for interdisciplinary collaboration between clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and spiritual counsellors. By bridging the gap between conventional Western models and spiritual practices, we can offer holistic care that respects individual beliefs and values.
The interplay between spirituality, culture, and mental health is complex and multi-faceted. By examining the Western and Islamic perspectives, we can appreciate the value of diverse epistemologies in understanding mental health conditions. Ultimately, it is vital for us as scholars and practitioners to break free from our confirmation biases and embrace a more inclusive approach to mental health that respects individual beliefs and values. In doing so, we can provide more effective and compassionate care for those in need.
Umar Olansile Ajetunmobi, an independent, interdisciplinary researcher with special interests in political, (mental) health, development, and digital media communication, contributes to the development of this piece through his skills and knowledge garnered over the years.