Global equities fell to their lowest level in a month on Tuesday as investors accelerated a selloff in semiconductor stocks amid mounting concerns over China’s rapidly advancing chip industry, the growing cost of financing the artificial intelligence boom, and increasing expectations that the U.S. Federal Reserve could raise interest rates as early as this week.

The broad risk-off move was led by Asian technology shares, where heavily valued semiconductor companies suffered steep losses after months of extraordinary gains, while lower oil prices and shifting geopolitical risks added another layer of uncertainty for investors.

The MSCI All Country World Price Index fell 0.5% to its lowest level since June 29, reflecting broad weakness across global equity markets.

The sharpest declines came from South Korea, where the benchmark KOSPI tumbled more than 10% to a three-month low, triggering a circuit breaker during trading. The benchmark is now on course for its worst monthly performance on record, surpassing losses recorded during the 1997 Asian financial crisis.

The correction marks a dramatic reversal for one of the world’s best-performing equity markets. The KOSPI had more than tripled over the 12 months through June as investors poured money into AI-linked semiconductor stocks. Since reaching that peak, however, the index has lost more than one-third of its value as investors rapidly unwind leveraged positions and take profits.

Chipmakers were at the center of the selloff.

Shares of SK Hynix and Samsung Electronics each plunged more than 12%, extending a sharp correction that has erased a significant portion of their AI-driven gains.

The weakness spread beyond Asia. U.S. chipmakers Nvidia and Micron Technology fell in premarket trading after Nvidia had already lost 5% overnight.

Investor sentiment toward Nvidia deteriorated after The Wall Street Journal reported that the company was discussing providing roughly $250 billion in financing guarantees for OpenAI as part of a massive data center expansion project.

The report reinforced growing concerns that the next phase of the AI race may require enormous capital commitments from technology companies, potentially weighing on profitability even as demand for AI infrastructure remains robust.

Analysts say investors are increasingly scrutinizing whether the industry’s extraordinary earnings growth can justify soaring valuations and escalating capital expenditure.

“You’ve seen the companies paying for AI, the hyperscalers, not really participating because of concerns about the cost and the degree of leverage that needs to be taken on. And now we’re seeing questions over the profitability of the semiconductor space, particularly in Asia,” said Dorian Carrell, head of multi-asset income at Schroders.

“The broader AI story has some way to go, but these kinds of (profit) growth rates are rarely sustained. We think that it’s healthy that the market’s questioning these things.”

Fresh competitive pressure from China also weighed heavily on semiconductor stocks.

Dutch chip equipment manufacturer ASML dropped 8.5% after The Information reported that China has begun manufacturing domestically developed immersion deep ultraviolet (DUV) lithography machines, technology that ASML has long dominated globally.

The development raises the prospect that China is making meaningful progress toward reducing its reliance on Western semiconductor equipment amid ongoing U.S. export restrictions.

Investor concerns were amplified after Chinese memory chipmaker CXMT Corp. completed an $8.6 billion stock market listing on Monday. The company ended its first trading session as China’s most valuable listed company, highlighting investor confidence in Beijing’s efforts to build a self-sufficient semiconductor industry.

The developments have intensified fears that Chinese companies could eventually challenge the dominance of established global semiconductor manufacturers across key segments of the industry.

European equities proved comparatively resilient.

Strong corporate earnings from Unilever and Mercedes-Benz helped offset weakness in technology shares, allowing European markets to outperform their Asian counterparts.

Meanwhile, investors continued to monitor the outlook for U.S. monetary policy ahead of the Federal Reserve’s interest rate decision on Wednesday. Markets are pricing roughly a 35% probability that policymakers will raise interest rates by 25 basis points this week, with expectations for further tightening continuing to support the U.S. dollar.

The euro remained under pressure, trading below the $1.14 level at $1.1370, while the Japanese yen hovered near a four-decade low at 163.83 per dollar. The yen’s weakness has heightened speculation that Japanese authorities could intervene in foreign exchange markets if the Bank of Japan keeps interest rates unchanged and the currency depreciates further.

“If BOJ communication is not hawkish enough and USD/JPY heads higher, traders should anticipate an official response, including verbal intervention, rate checks, or even direct FX market intervention, perhaps on Friday,” said Thierry Wizman, currency and rates strategist at Macquarie Group.

Geopolitical developments also remained a key driver of market sentiment.

Oil prices extended their sharp decline after President Donald Trump said the United States was having “good talks” with Iran, fueling optimism that negotiations could reduce tensions following Washington’s suspension of air strikes over the weekend.

Brent crude futures fell more than 3% to $85.55 per barrel, extending Monday’s nearly 9% decline as traders reduced the geopolitical risk premium built into oil markets.

The easing in oil prices contributed to a decline in U.S. Treasury yields, with the benchmark 10-year yield falling about four basis points to 4.64% on Monday. However, shorter-dated Treasury yields remained relatively stable, reflecting investor caution ahead of the Fed’s policy announcement.

According to Wizman, developments in the Middle East remain central to the global economic outlook because of their influence on energy prices and inflation.

“The U.S.-Iran war, by propelling the price of crude oil, remains the most important determinant of what will happen to the global economy … and, by extension, what informs central bank policy outlooks, at the margin,” he said.

“We expect that the (Fed) this week will wish to adopt a tightening bias.”

The combination of rising interest rate expectations, uncertainty over AI-related spending, growing Chinese competition in semiconductors and lingering geopolitical risks has prompted investors to reassess some of the market’s biggest winners.

While enthusiasm surrounding artificial intelligence remains intact over the long term, analysts say the recent volatility reflects a shift toward greater scrutiny of valuations, financing requirements and the sustainability of earnings growth across the sector.

The artificial intelligence-driven stock market rally is entering a new phase as investors shift away from the technology giants that have dominated gains over the past two years and toward companies using AI to improve efficiency, cut costs and drive earnings growth.

The rotation reflects a broader expansion of the bull market, with investors moving beyond the semiconductor makers and cloud computing companies that have been at the center of the AI boom into sectors that have lagged but are now expected to benefit from adopting the technology.

At the same time, some of the market’s biggest AI winners, including Nvidia and Microsoft, have faced increased volatility as investors assess whether massive spending on AI infrastructure will generate returns quickly enough to justify lofty valuations.

“The market is beginning to rotate toward quality, a classic mid-cycle transition as the business cycle matures,” Mike Wilson, Morgan Stanley’s chief U.S. equity strategist, wrote in a research note first quoted by Business Insider.

“From here, margin expansion is likely to depend less on early-cycle operating leverage and more on AI adoption, reinforcing our quality thesis.”

The changing market leadership comes after months of sharp swings in AI-related stocks. Semiconductor companies have experienced heightened volatility, with several of the sector’s biggest names giving up gains as investors reacted to concerns over competition from Chinese firms, questions about AI spending, and elevated valuations.

Analysts at Piper Sandler described the trend as a “mega-rotation” away from the technology sector and toward more defensive areas of the market. Analysts at Citigroup argued that the era of the “Magnificent Seven” dominating market performance has begun to fade.

Morgan Stanley believes the next stage of the AI investment cycle will increasingly reward companies that deploy artificial intelligence across their operations rather than those primarily supplying the underlying technology.

According to Wilson, businesses are already reporting measurable gains from AI implementation.

“Our systematic transcript analysis shows that 25% of S&P members cited measurable benefits from AI adoption in calendar 2Q, versus 14% a year ago,” he said.

The bank expects AI adoption to become a significant contributor to corporate profitability over the next several years.

“We continue to view AI adoption as an important source of earnings growth and operating leverage, with roughly 100 basis points of net margin expansion expected through 2027 related to adoption.”

Morgan Stanley’s “AI Adopter Screener” highlights companies that it believes are well positioned to benefit from integrating artificial intelligence into their businesses. The list includes Alphabet, Roblox, Dick’s Sporting Goods, CVS Health, Shopify, Apple, and Constellation Energy.

The bank said industries often viewed as vulnerable to disruption from AI, including transportation, software and services, and professional services, could instead emerge among the biggest beneficiaries as companies use the technology to improve productivity and reduce operating costs.

Investment manager Vanguard also sees investors broadening their exposure beyond the dominant AI infrastructure providers.

According to Vanguard senior economist Shaan Raithatha, investors are increasingly scrutinizing whether the enormous capital expenditures being made by AI “hyperscalers” such as Alphabet, Amazon, Meta Platforms, Microsoft, and Oracle will generate sufficient returns in an increasingly competitive environment.

“The dominant narrative is that investors are increasingly questioning whether the large investments committed by the AI hyperscalers will deliver sufficient returns amid elevated expectations and intensifying competition,” Raithatha said.

He added that investors are still expected to allocate capital across the broader AI ecosystem, including companies supplying critical semiconductors and memory chips. However, he warned that those areas are likely to remain volatile, particularly as Chinese competitors increase pressure on U.S. and South Korean chipmakers.

Vanguard said the next chapter of the AI investment story will be determined less by spending on computing infrastructure and more by whether businesses across industries can translate AI into measurable productivity gains.

“The next phase of the AI story is more about whether current investment translates into productivity gains for the broader global economy,” the firm said.

“History tells us that over time, the benefits of general-purpose technologies spread throughout the economy from the sector that drove the initial innovation.”

The evolving outlook suggests investors are increasingly looking beyond the companies building AI models, chips and data centers and focusing on firms capable of converting artificial intelligence into higher margins, stronger earnings growth and sustained competitive advantages.

Shares of Dutch semiconductor equipment giant ASML fell on Tuesday after reports that a Chinese company has begun manufacturing a key chipmaking tool that the company has long dominated, fueling concerns that Beijing is making meaningful progress toward semiconductor self-sufficiency.

The stock declined 1.8% as part of a broader sell-off in global chip stocks, although ASML shares remain up more than 123% this year, reflecting continued investor optimism over surging artificial intelligence-driven semiconductor demand.

The decline followed a report by The Information that an unnamed Chinese company has started producing immersion deep ultraviolet (DUV) lithography machines, with the first systems expected to be delivered this year to major domestic chipmakers including Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation and ChangXin Memory Technologies.

The report comes as China accelerates efforts to reduce its dependence on Western semiconductor technology in response to increasingly stringent U.S.-led export restrictions. While the development marks an important milestone for China’s domestic chip industry, industry analysts who spoke to CNBC caution that it is unlikely to threaten ASML’s technological leadership in the foreseeable future.

“This should be taken with a pinch of salt because what China is producing is likely limited to the lower end of the market,” Stephane Houri, Head of Equity Research at ODDO BHF, told CNBC.

A Milestone for China

Immersion DUV lithography systems are among the most sophisticated manufacturing tools required to produce advanced semiconductors. They project intricate circuit patterns onto silicon wafers. They are widely used to manufacture mature and mid-range chips deployed in automobiles, industrial equipment, consumer electronics and many AI-related components.

Although DUV technology remains essential, it is not the most advanced lithography platform available.

For cutting-edge processors powering artificial intelligence applications, premium smartphones and high-performance computing systems, manufacturers rely on extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, a technology in which ASML remains the world’s only commercial supplier.

That distinction is critical.

While China may now be capable of producing certain DUV systems domestically, analysts say replicating ASML’s EUV technology remains vastly more challenging and is unlikely to happen anytime soon.

However, industry experts stress that merely producing a functioning lithography machine is only the first step.

The more important metric is manufacturing yield, or the percentage of usable chips produced during fabrication. Even small differences in yield can determine whether a semiconductor factory operates profitably.

“They need to get to at least yield parity, not just have a working tool,” Nick Patience, AI Lead at Futurum Group, told CNBC.

Current yields at Chinese foundries already trail global leaders such as Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, even when using imported ASML equipment. Machines developed by an inexperienced domestic supplier will likely require years of refinement before achieving comparable levels of reliability, uptime and production efficiency.

Patience noted that reliability is built through years of deployment across multiple fabrication plants, giving ASML a significant advantage that cannot easily be replicated.

Scaling Production Remains Another Major Hurdle

Even if China’s first-generation DUV systems prove functional, manufacturing them at commercial scale presents another challenge. According to The Information, the Chinese manufacturer plans to build only five machines this year and approximately 20 units in 2027.

By comparison, ASML expects to manufacture around 130 immersion DUV systems in 2026 and plans to increase production capacity by another 30% in 2027.

Analysts at SemiAnalysis note that production scale, ecosystem support and long-term servicing capabilities remain among ASML’s strongest competitive advantages.

“Tool performance, scaling production of the machine itself, fleet performance, surrounding ecosystem and poor economics against fully depreciated ASML machines all stack up against China DUV,” the research firm said.

Servicing hundreds of machines worldwide, ensuring software updates, supplying replacement parts and maintaining consistent performance over many years represent barriers that extend well beyond building an initial prototype.

Limited Financial Impact on ASML

The market reaction may also overstate the commercial implications for ASML. China accounted for 14% of ASML’s €6.6 billion in second-quarter system sales, equivalent to roughly €924 million.

However, analysts note that export controls already prevent ASML from selling many of its most advanced immersion DUV systems to Chinese customers. As a result, domestically produced Chinese equipment would largely replace sales ASML is already prohibited from making rather than eroding existing revenue.

“A tool ASML cannot legally or physically supply being built locally does not subtract from a sold-out order book,” SemiAnalysis said.

Demand outside China also remains exceptionally strong, driven by the global AI infrastructure boom, with major foundries continuing to expand capacity using ASML’s equipment.

Paul Triolo, a partner at DGA Albright Stonebridge Group, said producing a handful of domestic machines is fundamentally different from competing with ASML globally.

“Providing a small number of even minimally capable DUV machines domestically is one thing. Supporting a global fleet that would provide real competition for ASML is quite another,” he said.

EUV Remains China’s Biggest Technological Challenge

The latest development has also renewed speculation about whether China could eventually develop an indigenous EUV lithography system. Reuters reported last year that China had completed a working EUV prototype, but analysts caution that commercial success remains a far more difficult objective.

ASML spent roughly two decades developing EUV technology and invested around $10 billion in research and development alongside strategic partners including Intel Corporation, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company and Samsung Electronics before the technology became commercially viable. Beyond generating EUV light, the technology depends on ultra-precise mirrors, complex optics, sophisticated software and an extensive global supplier ecosystem that took decades to establish.

While some advances in DUV engineering may contribute to future EUV development, analysts say the technological leap remains enormous.

“Some breakthroughs in DUV immersion lithography are applicable to more advanced EUV technologies, but many are not. EUV light source and optics technology are much more advanced and complex,” Triolo said.

Houri echoed that assessment.

“I think EUV is out of reach. Never say never, especially with the Chinese, but it’s a completely different technology.”

Talking long-term, the emergence of a domestic Chinese DUV supplier nevertheless represents another step in Beijing’s long-term strategy to localize critical semiconductor technologies amid escalating geopolitical tensions and tightening export controls.

Success is expected to reduce reliance on foreign suppliers for mature-node manufacturing and strengthen the resilience of its semiconductor supply chain. For ASML, however, the immediate competitive threat appears limited. The company’s technological leadership, manufacturing scale, service network and monopoly in EUV lithography continue to create formidable barriers to entry.

While China’s progress deserves close attention, analysts broadly agree that producing a limited number of domestic DUV machines is far from displacing the Dutch company at the forefront of global semiconductor manufacturing equipment.