The digital sector in Africa, while not as prominent as its Western counterparts, is a burgeoning field with immense potential and unique challenges. The continent has witnessed a significant transformation in recent years, driven by a young, innovative population and an increasing penetration of internet connectivity.

Despite the progress, the digital divide remains a stark reality. As of 2022, only 36% of Africa’s population had access to broadband internet. This is compounded by a digital gender gap, with a notable disparity in internet usage between men and women. The infrastructure reach and the quality of services available are still catching up with global standards, with many living beyond the reach of high-speed internet connections.

However, the narrative is not solely one of challenges but also of resilience and innovation. The digital technology industry in Africa has grown organically, with incubators, startups, tech hubs, and data centers sprouting across the continent without significant government aid. This growth is a testament to the entrepreneurial spirit prevalent among the youth, who are leveraging digital technology to address the challenges posed by COVID-19 and beyond.

In the fintech sector, startups like Lidya in Nigeria and Flash in Egypt are revolutionizing financial services. Lidya provides quick loan approvals and personalized financial insights, catering to the needs of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and helping them grow. Flash, on the other hand, is enhancing financial accessibility for underserved populations, offering secure and convenient alternatives to traditional banking.

The healthcare sector is also witnessing innovation with startups such as Helium Health in Nigeria and Maisha Meds in Kenya. These companies are improving access to quality healthcare services through electronic medical records and telemedicine consultations, addressing the healthcare accessibility barriers, especially in remote areas.

Renewable energy and sustainable practices are being promoted by startups like SunCulture in Kenya, which is using renewable energy to address agricultural challenges and enhance food security in the region.

Other notable startups include Kobo360, a logistics company that is optimizing the supply chain network in Nigeria and beyond; Flutterwave, a payments technology startup that has reached a valuation of $3 billion; and Yoco, a South African fintech startup providing point-of-sale solutions to small businesses.

These startups are not just business ventures; they are a testament to the entrepreneurial spirit and innovative prowess of Africa’s youth. They are creating jobs, fostering inclusive growth, and reshaping the future of Africa’s digital economy. The success stories of these startups serve as an inspiration and a blueprint for future entrepreneurs across the continent and the world.

The rise of these tech startups in Africa is a clear indicator that the continent is on a steadfast path towards a robust digital economy. With continued support, investment, and the right policies, the African tech ecosystem is poised for even greater success, making a global impact and transforming the lives of its people.

The World Bank’s Digital Economy for Africa (DE4A) initiative aims to digitally enable every individual, business, and government in Africa by 2030, aligning with the African Union’s Digital Transformation Strategy 2020-2030. This ambitious goal reflects a commitment to laying the foundations for a robust digital economy, with necessary policy and regulatory frameworks to encourage investment and effective competition.

The private sector’s role is pivotal in achieving this vision. A harmonized environment that guarantees investment and financing is essential to close the digital infrastructure gap and achieve accessible, affordable, and secure broadband across demographics, gender, and geography.

While the digital sector in Africa may not currently exhibit the same level of flamboyance as its Western contemporaries, it holds a promise of a dynamic and inclusive digital future. The path forward involves not only addressing infrastructural and regulatory challenges but also harnessing the continent’s human capital to foster a digital ecosystem that is resilient, innovative, and equitable. The journey towards a digitally empowered Africa is underway, and it is one that carries the hopes and aspirations of its people towards a brighter, more connected future.

BudgIT, a civic tech organization, has revealed an alarming allocation of N732.5 billion for vague empowerment projects in Nigeria’s 2024 budget.

This revelation comes at a time when Nigeria is grappling with severe economic challenges and escalating public debt, raising concerns about the federal government’s spending priorities.

According to a statement released by BudgIT on Monday, the funds allocated for these empowerment projects exceed the N646.5 billion earmarked for health projects.

This discrepancy is particularly concerning given Nigeria’s status as the country with the second-highest child mortality rate in the world as of 2023. The organization criticized the government’s lack of focus on critical health emergencies, which are not adequately addressed in the 2024 budget.

“Empowerment projects are vague and challenging to track due to their nature. They are also used as a funnel to transfer public resources to party loyalists, resulting in the misuse of public funds,” BudgIT stated.

4,440 Empowerment Projects Identified

Tracka, BudgIT’s open-source service delivery monitoring platform, discovered a total of 4,440 empowerment projects in the 2024 budget. Initially limited to constituency projects, these empowerment projects have gradually infiltrated capital projects through insertions by the National Assembly. BudgIT highlights this as a problematic trend, considering Nigeria’s vast infrastructure gaps and persistent budget deficits.

“For instance, the National Assembly inserted 7,447 projects valued at N2.24 trillion in the 2024 budget. Tracka identifies this as a problematic trend, considering the nation’s huge infrastructure gap and budget deficits,” the organization noted.

Misallocation of Projects

Further analysis of the budget revealed that over 2,558 projects worth N624 billion were allocated to agencies outside their mandates. An example is the Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN), which allocated N5 billion for the procurement and distribution of official vehicles to traditional rulers—an activity far removed from its primary responsibilities. Similarly, the Nigeria Institute of Oceanography and Marine Research (NiOMR) was assigned N2.32 billion to construct a 3.5km road.

Gabriel Okeowo, BudgIT’s Country Director, expressed concern over this misallocation.

“The implications of assigning projects to agencies outside of their mandate undermine the monitoring, evaluation, and sustainability of these projects. These agencies lack the expertise and personnel to ensure quality service delivery, leading to underperformance and a colossal waste of taxpayers’ money,” he said.

BudgIT has called on anti-graft agencies to investigate these anomalies in the 2024 budget to prevent the diversion, misappropriation, and embezzlement of public funds. The organization also urged elected representatives and government agencies to provide timely updates to the public and ensure the effective implementation of these projects.

“We call on anti-graft agencies to probe these anomalies in the 2024 budget to forestall diversion, misappropriation, and embezzlement. It is imperative that elected representatives and MDAs provide timely updates to the public and ensure the quality implementation of these projects so that Nigerians derive maximum benefit from public funds,” BudgIT stated.

Borrowing for Embezzlement

These findings have alluded to the belief that a significant portion of the national budget goes into private pockets yearly. It is also coming at a time when the government is seeking financial relief from various sources, including international agreements and increased borrowing.

Data from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) reveals that the federal government’s borrowing through Nigerian Treasury Bills (NTBs) rose by 188 percent year-on-year to N13.235 trillion by May 2024. From 2015 to 2024, Nigeria’s public debt profile surged from N12 trillion to N121 trillion, with little visible improvement in infrastructure or public services.

The increasing debt burden has significantly strained Nigeria’s fiscal position, with debt-servicing costs rising by N1.56 trillion in a year. This has forced a 33 percent reduction in funding for capital projects, exacerbating the country’s infrastructure deficits and unfunded deficits reaching almost N1 trillion for the first time in history.

Growing Demand for Accountability

The findings by BudgIT have intensified public outcry over the management of Nigeria’s finances. A recent court order for former Humanitarian Minister Sadiya Umar-Farooq to account for N729 billion highlights the persistent issues of financial mismanagement and lack of accountability.

The All Progressive Congress (APC) led government has been asked by Nigerians to account for the humungous loans.

The Nigerian House of Representatives has urged the federal government to halt the implementation of the $150 billion Samoa Agreement, citing concerns over the inclusion of controversial provisions related to LGBTQ rights.

This call for suspension and investigation follows a motion of urgent public importance sponsored by Sani Madaki, the minority whip, alongside 87 other lawmakers.

The Samoa Agreement, according to the European Council, is a comprehensive framework governing the European Union’s (EU) relations with 79 countries in Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific (ACP). The agreement, signed on November 15, 2023, in Samoa, Oceania, covers six priority areas: democracy and human rights, sustainable economic growth and development, climate change, human and social development, peace and security, and migration and mobility.

It is set to replace the Cotonou Agreement, which has been in place since 2000.

Controversy Surrounding the Agreement

The recent signing of the Samoa Agreement by the Nigerian government has sparked controversy, primarily due to reports suggesting the inclusion of provisions supporting LGBTQ rights. These claims have been hotly contested and have led to significant public and legislative debate.

The federal government, through Mohammed Idris, the Minister of Information and National Orientation, has clarified that the agreement does not contravene Nigeria’s 1999 Constitution or other existing laws. Idris explained that the agreement focuses solely on the economic development of the country and does not contain any provisions regarding same-sex marriage.

However, this explanation has failed to quell the raging agitation of Nigerians, especially in the north, over the agreement.

Nigeria’s Economic Crisis and the Search for Financial Relief

Economic experts have pointed out that Nigeria’s current financial crisis played a significant role in the decision to sign the Samoa Agreement. Nigeria has faced severe economic challenges, including dwindling revenue streams from its primary income sources such as oil exports.

This situation has left the country in a financial bind, struggling to meet its budgetary requirements and finance critical development projects. As a result, the government has been forced to look for financial support and partnerships wherever possible to stabilize the economy and ensure sustainable development.

The economic downturn has been made worse by global oil price fluctuations, rising debt levels, and a devalued currency. These factors have collectively strained the national economy, making it difficult for the government to fund essential services and infrastructure projects. In this context, international agreements such as the Samoa Agreement present an opportunity for Nigeria to secure much-needed economic aid and development partnerships.

During the legislative session, the motion to suspend the Samoa Agreement was presented by Sani Madaki, who argued that the agreement violates Nigeria’s laws on LGBTQ rights and same-sex marriage. Supporting the motion, Ghali Tijani from Kano stated that the House should reject the agreement entirely. Bello Kumo, the majority whip, called for the federal government to rescind the deal and apologize to Nigerians.

However, not all lawmakers were in agreement. Kingsley Chinda, the minority leader and co-sponsor of the motion, urged his colleagues not to be judgmental but rather to support an investigation into the agreement. He highlighted the need for proper information dissemination and criticized the federal government for not involving the lawmakers in the decision-making process.

Julius Ihonvbere, the majority leader, defended the agreement, stating that there is no provision in the Samoa Agreement that supports LGBTQ rights. His comments were met with interruptions and shouts of “no” from other lawmakers, indicating deep-seated divisions and misunderstandings about the content of the agreement.

Nigeria’s Anti Same-Sex Law

Nigeria’s stance on LGBTQ rights is firmly established by the Same-Sex Marriage Prohibition Act (SSMPA) passed in 2014, which criminalizes same-sex marriage and LGBT rights. This legal framework underpins the uproar surrounding the Samoa Agreement, as any suggestion of support for LGBTQ rights is seen as a direct violation of Nigerian law.

In response to the controversy, the federal government has strongly denied the inclusion of any LGBTQ provisions in the Samoa Agreement. The Minister of Information, Mohammed Idris, labeled the allegations as “despicable and wicked,” asserting that the document does not support same-sex marriage or LGBTQ rights.

The government has announced its intention to lodge a formal complaint with the NPAN Ombudsman against Daily Trust Newspaper, which reported the matter first, over what it describes as irresponsible reporting, and to seek redress through lawful means.

The financial sector is witnessing a transformative era as it intersects with the burgeoning world of cryptocurrencies. As we move towards 2025, the trends indicate a continued surge in crypto liquidity, reshaping the landscape of investment and asset management. The integration of advanced technologies such as AI and machine learning is poised to enhance price prediction and order execution, leading to more sophisticated and efficient financial markets.

Crypto liquidity refers to the ease with which cryptocurrencies can be bought or sold in the market without affecting their price. High liquidity indicates a stable market with the ability to handle large transactions efficiently. The surge in crypto liquidity suggests a maturing market, one that is becoming increasingly attractive to institutional investors and casual traders alike.

A pivotal development in this trajectory is the potential approval of a spot bitcoin ETF, which could significantly impact the adoption and legitimacy of bitcoin as an institutional-grade investment. This approval could unlock the vast retirement fund market to the crypto asset class, potentially driving a massive inflow of capital into the market. The implications of such an approval are far-reaching, offering a more accessible path for advisors and institutions to gain exposure to bitcoin, and by extension, other cryptocurrencies.

The crypto market trends of 2024 have laid the groundwork for what we can expect in the following year. Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks (DePIN) are emerging as a key trend, connecting everyday world infrastructure services with blockchain technology. Projects like Filecoin and Arweave are revolutionizing cloud storage, while Helium and Hivemapper are innovating in the realms of internet access and data collection, respectively.

Furthermore, the expansion of decentralized finance (DeFi) solutions continues to gain momentum, with a focus on regulatory compliance and global market access. The shift towards lower-risk DeFi strategies, such as staking and secured lending, indicates a maturing market that prioritizes stability and sustainability.

By 2025, several key developments are expected to enhance crypto liquidity:

Enhanced Market Depth: With more institutional investors entering the market, there will be a significant increase in capital and liquidity.

Cross-Chain Liquidity: The ability to transfer assets across different blockchain networks will improve.

Institutional Market Making: Large financial institutions will play a more active role in providing market liquidity.

Evolution of Decentralized Exchanges (DEXs): Technological advancements will continue to improve the efficiency and security of DEXs.

The implications of this surge are profound. It promises a more inclusive financial ecosystem where transactions are transparent, efficient, and secure. The potential for crypto assets to offer diversification in investment portfolios is also significant, as they are often uncorrelated with traditional financial markets.

However, challenges such as regulatory uncertainty, security concerns, and market manipulation risks remain. Addressing these challenges requires a concerted effort from market participants, regulators, and technology providers to develop robust solutions that ensure the market’s integrity and resilience.

As we look towards 2025, the financial sector must brace itself for the continued impact of cryptocurrency. The surge in crypto liquidity is not just a testament to the growing acceptance of digital currencies but also an indicator of the potential for more innovative and inclusive financial solutions.