The global landscape is undergoing a profound transformation as new actors and forces emerge and challenge the established order. While the US remains a key global actor, the world order is becoming more pluralistic and ‘multiplex’, meaning that different dimensions of power and influence are distributed across multiple actors and regions. ‘‘While the US remains a key global actor, the world order is becoming more pluralistic and ‘multiplex’’.

The world is witnessing a shift from a unipolar to a multipolar order, where multiple centers of power and influence coexist and compete for global leadership. This has profound implications for global governance, security, and development, as well as for the role of international organizations and civil society.

One of the main challenges of a multiplex world order is how to manage the diversity and complexity of interests, values, and norms among different actors. The multiplex world order is not only characterized by the rise of emerging powers such as China, India, Brazil, and South Africa, but also by the emergence of new actors such as transnational corporations, non-governmental organizations, regional organizations, and city networks.

These actors have different agendas, capabilities, and legitimacy in the global arena, and often challenge the existing rules and institutions of global governance. How can these actors be integrated into a more inclusive and representative system of global governance that can address the common problems facing humanity?

Another challenge of a multiplex world order is how to ensure the stability and security of the international system in the face of increasing competition and conflict among major powers. The multiplex world order is not only marked by the diffusion of power from the West to the rest, but also by the redistribution of power within the West itself.

The United States, the European Union, and other traditional allies are facing internal divisions and external pressures that undermine their cohesion and leadership. How can these actors maintain their strategic partnerships and alliances in a changing world? How can they prevent or manage the escalation of tensions and disputes with other powers over issues such as trade, technology, human rights, and territorial claims?

A third challenge of a multiplex world order is how to foster the sustainable development of all countries and regions in the context of growing interdependence and inequality. The multiplex world order is not only shaped by the convergence of economic growth and social development among different regions, but also by the divergence of environmental impacts and human security among different groups.

How can these actors balance their national interests and responsibilities with their global obligations and opportunities? How can they cooperate to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and address the existential threats posed by climate change, pandemics, and terrorism?

Despite these challenges, a multiplex world order also offers some opportunities for enhancing global governance, security, and development. One opportunity is to leverage the diversity and creativity of different actors to generate innovative solutions and best practices for global challenges.

The multiplex world order is not only a source of fragmentation and competition, but also a source of experimentation and learning. How can these actors share their experiences and expertise with each other? How can they create platforms and mechanisms for dialogue, consultation, coordination, and collaboration across different levels and sectors?

Another opportunity is to harness the potential and dynamism of emerging powers and regions to provide new sources of leadership and resources for global cooperation. The multiplex world order is not only a reflection of the decline of the West, but also a manifestation of the rise of the rest.

How can these actors contribute to the reform and renewal of global institutions and norms? How can they mobilize their political will and financial capacity to support the implementation and monitoring of global agreements and commitments?

A third opportunity is to strengthen the participation and empowerment of civil society and citizens in shaping the agenda and outcomes of global governance. The multiplex world order is not only a challenge to the legitimacy and effectiveness of state-centric governance, but also an opportunity for the emergence and recognition of bottom-up governance.

How can these actors voice their concerns and demands in the global public sphere? How can they hold their governments and other actors accountable for their actions and inactions? How can they build coalitions and networks for advocacy and action at local, national, regional, and global levels?

A multiplex world order presents both risks and opportunities for global governance, security, and development. The key question is how to manage the complexity and uncertainty of this new reality in a way that promotes cooperation rather than confrontation, inclusion rather than exclusion, innovation rather than stagnation, solidarity rather than fragmentation, justice rather than injustice.

This requires a collective vision, a shared responsibility, a flexible approach, a long-term perspective, a constructive attitude, a pragmatic spirit, a respectful dialogue, a mutual trust, a common action.