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US State Regulators Intervenes in Coinbase’s Unregistered Securities Suit

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The cryptocurrency exchange Coinbase is facing a legal challenge from U.S. state regulators who claim that it is offering unregistered securities to its customers. The regulators allege that Coinbase’s Lend program, which allows users to earn interest on certain digital assets, violates securities laws and poses risks to investors.

Coinbase announced the launch of Lend in June, promising to pay 4% annual percentage yield (APY) on deposits of the stablecoin USD Coin (USDC). The company said that Lend would not involve lending or borrowing, but rather a contractual agreement between Coinbase and its customers. Coinbase argued that Lend is not a security and does not require registration with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) or any state regulator.

Coinbase Lend is a proposed service that would allow Coinbase customers to earn interest on their crypto assets by lending them to other users. According to Coinbase, the service would offer a 4% annual percentage yield (APY) on USD Coin (USDC), a stablecoin pegged to the U.S. dollar. Coinbase claims that the service would be secure, transparent, and easy to use, and that it would not involve any lockups or hidden fees.

However, the SEC disagreed and threatened to sue Coinbase if it proceeded with Lend. The SEC said that Lend involves an investment contract, which is a type of security, and that Coinbase failed to provide adequate disclosures and protections to investors. Coinbase responded by accusing the SEC of intimidation and lack of clarity and said that it would delay the launch of Lend until October.

On October 1, the Texas State Securities Board also issued a cease-and-desist order to Coinbase, alleging that Lend is a fraudulent scheme that violates Texas securities laws. The order said that Coinbase is misleading investors by claiming that Lend is not a security and by promising unrealistic returns. The order also said that Coinbase is exposing investors to potential losses due to hacking, theft, market volatility, and regulatory actions.

Coinbase has not yet responded to the state regulators’ orders, but it has previously stated that it will cooperate with any inquiries and defend its position in court if necessary. Coinbase has also said that it believes that Lend is in the best interest of its customers and that it will continue to innovate in the crypto space.

The SEC has not publicly explained its reasoning, but it has reportedly sent Coinbase a Wells notice, which is a formal notification that the agency intends to sue the company unless it changes its plans or convinces the SEC otherwise. The SEC likely views Coinbase Lend as a security because it involves an investment of money in a common enterprise with an expectation of profit from the efforts of others. This is the definition of an investment contract, which is one of the types of securities regulated by the SEC under the Securities Act of 1933.

The Securities and Exchange Commission’s action against one of the country’s biggest crypto exchanges has been seen as existential for the future of crypto in the United States, with the sector accusing the agency of regulating by enforcement in the absence of new laws from the U.S. Congress. Now, three new amicus briefs, which allow parties who are interested but not directly affected by the case to aid the court’s reasoning, argue crypto is neither significant nor special, and that the SEC can take on digital assets under existing law.

Meanwhile, several state regulators have also taken action against Coinbase’s Lend program. On September 28, the New Jersey Bureau of Securities issued a cease-and-desist order to Coinbase, ordering it to stop offering Lend to New Jersey residents. The order said that Lend is an unregistered security and that Coinbase has not provided sufficient information about the risks and benefits of the program.

For Coinbase, it could face fines, injunctions, and reputational damage, as well as potential delays or cancellations of its future products and services. For the crypto industry, it could signal a more aggressive regulatory stance from the SEC, which could affect other crypto lending platforms, decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols, and stablecoins.

It could also create more uncertainty and confusion for crypto investors and developers, who may face more legal risks and compliance costs. Coinbase has publicly denied any wrongdoing and accused the SEC of being unfair and hostile to innovation. The company has also published a blog post and a tweet thread detailing its interactions with the SEC and explaining why it believes Coinbase Lend is not a security.

Bitcoin Cash, OpenAI, Ethereum Foundation, Arkham and other Crypto News

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Bitcoin Cash, the cryptocurrency that emerged as a result of a hard fork from Bitcoin in 2017, experienced a significant increase in liquidity in the third quarter of 2023. According to a report by CryptoCompare, the average daily trading volume of Bitcoin Cash rose by 53% from Q2 to Q3, reaching $1.6 billion. This was the highest growth rate among the top 10 cryptocurrencies by market capitalization.

The report attributed this surge to several factors, such as the adoption of Bitcoin Cash by payment platforms like BitPay and GoCrypto, the launch of a Bitcoin Cash-based decentralized exchange called Detoken, and the increased interest from institutional investors and hedge funds.

OpenAI and ChatGPT CEO Sam Altman expressed his support for Bitcoin, the leading cryptocurrency by market capitalization. He said that Bitcoin is a “superlogical and important step on the technology tree” that enables decentralized and trustless transactions. He also praised the innovation and resilience of the Bitcoin network, which has been running for over a decade without any major disruptions. Altman said that he believes that Bitcoin has a bright future and that it will play a key role in the evolution of the digital economy.

Arkham and Chainlink brings Arkham Data On-Chain; Chainlink Functions will provide developers with seamless on-chain access to Arkham’s labeling endpoint, which is the part of our API that takes a blockchain address as input, references our database, and then outputs any applicable intelligence from the Arkham database, namely, the real-world owner of the address.

Making our labeling endpoint data available onchain through Chainlink Functions makes it simple for Web3 application developers to easily incorporate Arkham data into their dApps – unlocking a new frontier of use cases, Miguel CEO and founder of Arkham wrote in a newsletter to investors and community members.

According to Fidelity, a leading asset manager with $4.5 trillion under management, Bitcoin is the most secure, decentralized and sound form of digital money in the market. Unlike other digital assets that rely on centralized authorities, intermediaries or validators, Bitcoin is powered by a distributed network of nodes and miners that ensure its immutability, scarcity and censorship-resistance. Fidelity argues that these properties make Bitcoin a superior store of value and a hedge against inflation and currency debasement.

In a surprising move, Bitcoin presidential candidate RFK Jr. announced that he is leaving the Democratic Party and launching an independent bid for the White House. The son of the late Robert F. Kennedy said he was disillusioned with the party’s stance on cryptocurrency regulation and civil liberties, and that he wanted to offer a third option to the American voters.

He also criticized the two-party system as corrupt and rigged and vowed to run a grassroots campaign funded by Bitcoin donations. RFK Jr. is a well-known activist and lawyer who has championed causes such as environmental protection, vaccine safety and human rights. He is also a vocal critic of the mainstream media and the pharmaceutical industry. He said he hopes to attract support from across the political spectrum, especially from young and tech-savvy voters who are dissatisfied with the status quo.

The US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has launched an investigation into a security breach that affected Twitter in the weeks before the social media giant was acquired by Elon Musk. The breach, which occurred in late September, exposed the personal data of millions of Twitter users and allowed hackers to post unauthorized tweets from several high-profile accounts, including Musk’s. The SEC is looking into whether the breach had any impact on the valuation of Twitter or the terms of the deal, which was announced on October 2 and valued at $40 billion.

The SEC is also probing whether Twitter disclosed the breach in a timely and adequate manner, as required by federal securities laws. Twitter has said that it is cooperating with the SEC and other authorities, and that it has taken steps to improve its security and prevent future attacks. Musk, who is the CEO of Tesla and SpaceX, has said that he bought Twitter to make it a platform for “positive and constructive dialogue” and to support his vision of a multi-planetary civilization.

In a recent transaction, the Ethereum Foundation transferred 1,700 ETH from its treasury to a stablecoin exchange. The foundation received $2.74 million USDC in return, which is equivalent to the current market value of ETH at the time of the trade. The move is part of the foundation’s ongoing efforts to diversify its assets and ensure its long-term sustainability. The foundation has not disclosed its plans for the USDC funds, but it is likely that they will be used for supporting the development and innovation of the Ethereum ecosystem.

US Debt Rose by $1.2 Billion Per Hour in Past Days

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The US debt crisis has reached a new level of severity, as the latest data shows that the federal government has been borrowing an average of $1.2 billion per hour for the past 19 days. This means that the national debt has increased by more than $22.8 billion per day, or $456 billion in total, since September 22, when the debt limit was reached.

The debt limit, also known as the debt ceiling, is the legal limit on how much the US Treasury can borrow to fund the government’s spending and obligations. Congress has to periodically raise the debt limit to avoid a default, which could have catastrophic consequences for the global economy and financial markets.

However, Congress has been unable to agree on a bipartisan solution to raise the debt limit, as Republicans have refused to cooperate with Democrats, who control both chambers of Congress and the White House. Republicans have argued that Democrats should use a special budget process called reconciliation to raise the debt limit on their own, without Republican votes. Democrats have rejected this option, saying that raising the debt limit is a shared responsibility that should not be politicized.

As a result of this impasse, the US Treasury has been using extraordinary measures to keep paying the government’s bills and avoid a default. These measures include suspending investments in federal retirement funds, postponing payments to state and local governments, and drawing down cash reserves. However, these measures are not enough to cover the government’s spending gap, which is why the Treasury has been borrowing at an unprecedented rate.

According to the Treasury Department, these extraordinary measures will run out by October 31, which means that the US will face a default if Congress does not raise the debt limit by then. A default would mean that the US would not be able to pay its creditors, its employees, its social security beneficiaries, its military personnel, and its contractors. It would also mean that the US would lose its AAA credit rating, which could trigger higher interest rates, lower economic growth, and higher inflation.

The US debt crisis is not only a domestic problem, but also a global one. The US dollar is the world’s reserve currency, and US Treasury bonds are considered the safest and most liquid assets in the world. A default by the US would undermine confidence in the dollar and in the global financial system, potentially causing a panic and a contagion effect across countries and markets.

Therefore, it is imperative that Congress acts swiftly and responsibly to raise the debt limit and avoid a default. The US cannot afford to jeopardize its economic recovery and its global leadership by playing political games with its creditworthiness. The US debt crisis is not a game, but a serious threat that must be resolved as soon as possible.

Binance’s $1B Crypto Recovery Fund deployed less than $30M.

Binance, the world’s largest cryptocurrency exchange by trading volume, has been on a mission to recover stolen or lost crypto assets from various hacking incidents. The company launched a $1 billion fund in July 2021 to support this effort, as well as to foster innovation and collaboration in the crypto industry. However, according to a recent report by Bloomberg, the fund has only deployed less than $30 million so far, raising questions about its effectiveness and transparency.

The report cites anonymous sources familiar with the matter, who claim that Binance has only used the fund to reimburse victims of two major hacks: the Poly Network hack in August 2021, which resulted in $610 million worth of crypto being stolen, and the BitMart hack in December 2021, which saw $196 million worth of crypto being taken.

Binance reportedly contributed $10 million and $15 million respectively to these cases, as well as some smaller amounts to other incidents. The sources also allege that Binance has not disclosed how the fund is managed, who is in charge of it, or how it decides which cases to support.

Binance has not commented on the report or confirmed the figures. However, the company has previously stated that the fund is not a charity, but a strategic investment vehicle that aims to enhance the security and sustainability of the crypto ecosystem. Binance has also said that the fund is open to partnering with other industry players, such as law enforcement agencies, security firms, and other exchanges, to track down and recover stolen funds.

The fund is part of Binance’s broader efforts to improve its reputation and compliance amid increasing regulatory scrutiny and pressure from authorities around the world. The exchange has faced bans, warnings, investigations, and lawsuits in several jurisdictions over its operations, services, and products. Binance has also hired several former regulators and experts to bolster its legal and compliance teams and has pledged to cooperate with regulators and follow local laws.

However, some critics argue that Binance’s actions are too little, too late, and that the exchange is still operating in a gray area without proper oversight or accountability. They also point out that Binance’s recovery fund may not be enough to cover the potential losses from future hacks or scams, given the growing size and complexity of the crypto market. Moreover, they question whether Binance’s fund is truly altruistic or motivated by self-interest, as it may benefit from boosting its own image and customer loyalty.

First Live Transaction on Collateral Settlement conducted between JPMorgan, BlackRock and Barclays

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JPMorgan, one of the largest banks in the world, has announced that it has successfully completed the first live transaction using its blockchain-based collateral settlement platform, called Collateral Central. The platform aims to streamline and automate the process of moving and managing collateral across multiple clearing houses, custodians, and counterparties.

Collateral Central is a platform that connects borrowers and lenders in a decentralized and transparent way. It allows borrowers to use their crypto assets as collateral to get loans in stablecoins, and lenders to earn interest by supplying liquidity to the platform.

Collateral is an asset or a guarantee that is pledged by a borrower to secure a loan or a derivative contract. It serves as a protection for the lender or the other party in case of default or non-performance. Collateral management is a complex and costly process that involves multiple parties, systems, and jurisdictions. It requires constant monitoring, reconciliation, and optimization of the collateral positions to ensure that they meet the regulatory and contractual requirements.

JPMorgan’s Collateral Central platform leverages blockchain technology to create a shared ledger that records and tracks the collateral movements and balances in real-time. It also enables smart contracts that automate the calculation and execution of margin calls, collateral substitutions, and interest payments. The platform reduces operational risks, errors, and delays, while increasing transparency, efficiency, and liquidity.

The first live transaction on Collateral Central was conducted between JPMorgan, BlackRock and Barclays, two of the leading participants in the global derivatives market. The transaction involved a bilateral repurchase agreement (repo), which is a short-term loan secured by collateral. The platform facilitated the exchange of U.S. Treasury bonds as collateral between the two banks, as well as the settlement of interest payments.

JPMorgan said that the transaction demonstrated the potential of blockchain technology to transform the collateral management industry, which is estimated to handle over $10 trillion worth of assets globally. The bank also said that it plans to onboard more clients and partners to Collateral Central in the coming months, as well as to expand its capabilities and features.

The first step to use Collateral Central is to create a wallet that supports the platform, such as MetaMask or Trust Wallet. Then, you need to deposit some crypto assets to your wallet, such as ETH, BTC, or any ERC-20 token. These assets will serve as your collateral when you want to borrow stablecoins from the platform.

The next step is to connect your wallet to the Collateral Central website and choose the amount and type of stablecoin you want to borrow. The platform will automatically calculate the interest rate and the collateral ratio for your loan. The interest rate is determined by the supply and demand of each stablecoin on the platform, and the collateral ratio is the percentage of collateral value over loan value. For example, if you want to borrow 100 USDC with a collateral ratio of 150%, you need to deposit 150 USDC worth of crypto assets as collateral.

The platform will then lock your collateral in a smart contract and send you the stablecoins to your wallet. You can use the stablecoins for any purpose, such as paying bills, trading, or investing. You can also repay your loan at any time by sending back the stablecoins plus interest to the platform. The platform will then unlock your collateral and return it to your wallet.

If you are a lender, you can also use Collateral Central to earn passive income by supplying liquidity to the platform. You just need to deposit some stablecoins to your wallet and connect it to the Collateral Central website. Then, you can choose which stablecoin pool you want to join and how much you want to deposit. The platform will then send your stablecoins to a smart contract and start accruing interest based on the borrowing demand of each stablecoin.

You can withdraw your stablecoins plus interest at any time by sending a request to the platform. The platform will then send your stablecoins back to your wallet from the smart contract.

Collateral Central is a platform that aims to provide a simple and secure way for crypto users to access liquidity without selling their assets. It also offers an opportunity for stablecoin holders to earn interest by lending their coins to the platform. By using smart contracts and blockchain technology, Collateral Central ensures that all transactions are transparent and trustless, and that users have full control over their funds.

JPMorgan is not the only bank that is exploring the use of blockchain technology for collateral management. In 2019, Deutsche Bank and Commerzbank completed a pilot project using distributed ledger technology (DLT) to automate the settlement of securities lending transactions. In 2020, BNP Paribas and Credit Suisse executed a live cross-border collateral swap using DLT. These initiatives show that blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize the way financial institutions manage their collateral and optimize their capital.

IMF World Economic Outlook predicts soft landing as fears of widespread Recession Fades

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The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has released its latest World Economic Outlook report, which forecasts a moderate slowdown in global economic activity in 2023. The report projects that the world economy will grow by 3% this year, down from 3.6% in 2022, but still above the historical average of 2.8%. The IMF attributes the deceleration to the fading effects of fiscal stimulus, supply chain disruptions, and persistent inflation pressures in some countries.

Emerging market and developing economies are projected to have a modest decline in growth from 4.1 percent in 2022 to 4.0 percent in both 2023 and 2024. Global inflation is forecast to decline steadily, from 8.7 percent in 2022 to 6.9 percent in 2023 and 5.8 percent in 2024, due to tighter monetary policy aided by lower international commodity prices. Core inflation is generally projected to decline more gradually, and inflation is not expected to return to target until 2025 in most cases.

Monetary policy actions and frameworks are key at the current juncture to keep inflation expectations anchored. Chapter 2 documents recent trends in inflation expectations at near- and medium-term horizons and across agents. It emphasizes the complementary role of monetary policy frameworks, including communication strategies, in helping achieve disinflation at a lower cost to output through managing agents’ inflation expectations. Given increasing concerns about geoeconomic fragmentation, Chapter 3 assesses how disruptions to global trade in commodities can affect commodity prices, economic activity, and the green energy transition.

Risks to the outlook are more balanced than they were six months ago, on account of the resolution of US debt ceiling tensions and Swiss and US authorities’ having acted decisively to contain financial turbulence. The likelihood of a hard landing has receded, but the balance of risks to global growth remains tilted to the downside. China’s property sector crisis could deepen, with global spillovers, particularly for commodity exporters.

Amid rising debt service costs, more than half of low-income developing countries are in or at high risk of debt distress. There is little margin for error on the policy front. Central banks need to restore price stability while using policy tools to relieve potential financial stress when needed.

However, the report also highlights some positive developments, such as the widespread availability of vaccines, the resilience of consumer spending, and the recovery of trade and investment. The IMF expects that these factors will help prevent a sharp downturn or a prolonged stagnation in the global economy.

The report also analyzes the risks and challenges facing the global economic outlook, such as the uncertainty surrounding the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic, the divergence in policy responses and economic performance across regions, and the potential spillovers from financial market volatility and geopolitical tensions.

The IMF urges policymakers to adopt a balanced and coordinated approach to address these issues, while also advancing structural reforms and strengthening multilateral cooperation. The report emphasizes that achieving a more inclusive, sustainable, and resilient growth path will require addressing long-standing challenges such as climate change, inequality, and digitalization.

The global recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine remains slow and uneven. Despite economic resilience earlier this year, with a reopening rebound and progress in reducing inflation from last year’s peaks, it is too soon to take comfort. Economic activity still falls short of its pre-pandemic path, especially in emerging markets and developing economies, and there are widening divergences among regions.

Several forces are holding back the recovery. Some reflect the long-term consequences of the pandemic, the war in Ukraine, and increasing geoeconomic fragmentation. Others are more cyclical in nature, including the effects of monetary policy tightening necessary to reduce inflation, withdrawal of fiscal support amid high debt, and extreme weather events.

The World Economic Outlook is a semiannual publication that provides analysis and projections of the global economy and its major regions. The report is based on data and information available as of October 10, 2023.