The Nigerian police force public relation unit of the force headquarters released a publication some days back which was signed by the force public relations officer, ACP Olumuyiwa Adejobi, stating that the force is coming after a famous skit maker Mr Abdulgafar Abiola, aka cute Abiola, and will prosecute him for always wearing the Nigerian Police Force uniforms in some of his skits, and painting the Nigerian police in a bad light.

Many people have raised concern as to the reason the police force headquarters would want to go after a skit maker for shooting his skits dubbing a police attire. Some said that it is all entertainment and that the police have no jurisdiction or power to arrest and prosecute a person merely because that person dubbed a police attire to shoot a video. 

Now let’s push emotions and sentiments aside and see what the law says about this act of using police uniforms or any other law enforcement agency uniform for skits or for whatever reasons.

Section 251 of the Criminal Code Act which was captioned, Bringing contempt on the uniform, states thus; 

Any person who, not being a person serving in any of the armed or police forces of Nigeria, wears the uniform of any of these forces, or any dress having the appearance or bearing any of the regimental or other distinctive marks of any such uniform, in such manner or in such circumstances as to be likely to bring contempt on that uniform, or employs any other person so to wear such uniform or dress, is guilty of a simple offense, and is liable to imprisonment for three months or to a fine of forty naira.

Subsequently, the Penal Code in its Section 133 provides as follows;

Whoever not belonging to a certain class of public officer wears any dress or carries a token resembling a dress or token used by that class of public officer with the intention that it may be believed that he belongs to that class of public officer, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months or with fine which may extend to forty naira or with both.

Both the criminal code applicable in the South and the penal code applicable in the North criminalizes the use of police uniforms or any other force agency uniform for skit-making, content creation or for whatever reasons. The punishment for this offense as provided by law is a 3-6 months imprisonment term or a fine of 40 naira or both. 

The offense committed when a person who is not in any law enforcement agency in Nigeria wears a force uniform for whatever reason is contempt of the uniform and impersonation of an officer. To   that extent, anybody who wants to shoot a movie, skit or whatever reason that would warrant that person to dub on a police uniform or any other force uniform but obtain express consent from the law enforcement agency or risk getting prosecuted for the offense of bringing contempt to the force uniform and impersonation of an officer of the law. 

Details of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Regulatory Framework for Unstructured Supplementary Service Data(USSD) in Nigeria

Mobile telephone communications have undoubtedly become a dependable way of enhancing financial inclusion through the introduction of mobile payments, mobile banking, and e-commerce as well as a range of other remote digital financial transactions aided by mobile telephony.

Mobile-based financial service providers have options of adopting varying technologies for enabling access and transmitting data including Short Messaging Services (SMS), USSD, Interactive Voice Response(IVR), Wireless Application Protocol (WHP)& SIM Took Kit (STK).

The USSD technology which is the focus of this article is a protocol used by the GSM network to communicate with a service provider’s platform. It is a session based, real time messaging communication technology which is accessed through a string which starts normally with an asterisk (*) & ends with a hash (#). USSD technology is considered cost effective, more user-friendly, faster in concluding transactions and handset agnostic.

This article will be looking at the provisions of the regulatory framework put in place by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) governing the operations of USSD-based financial service operations.

What are the objectives of the CBN USSD framework?

The main objective of this framework is to establish the rules and risk mitigation considerations when implementing USSD for financial services offerings in Nigeria.

Who are the recognized participants or eligible providers of USSD-based financial services in Nigeria?

– Banks :- Banks provide USSD strings and menu-driven apps to facilitate banking services to other customers.

– Payment Service Providers (PSPs) :- These are switch service, applications vending service, and Value Added Service (VAS) providers who provide products and services using the USSD protocol.

-Mobile Money Operators (MMOs):- Able to reach the unbanked in rural areas where there are no financial touch points through USSD services.

– Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) :- MNOs and Aggregators utilize USSD to interact with and provide services to their customers.

– Customers :- Initiate transactions through a USSD string.

What are the eligibility criteria for a unique short code?

– MMOs are eligible for the issuance of short codes from the NCC after meeting the necessary requirements of the NCC for the issuance of same.

– For those other than MMOs, a letter of comfort from the CBN would be required before being considered for the issuance of the short codes by the NCC. 

What are the provisions of the guidelines on USSD vulnerabilities and their mitigation?

– USSD based financial transactions require end-to-end encryption to protect the integrity of the financial information. To this end, all providers of USSD based financial services shall :-

a) Put in place, a proper message authentication mechanism to validate that requests/responses are generated through authenticated users.

b). Use secure USSD communication channels with w strong encryption mechanism.

c). Not use the USSD service to relay details of other electronic banking channels (in the case of banks) to their customers, to prevent compromise of other electronic banking channels through the USSD channel.

d). Implement masked PIN entry.

e). Ensure encryption at USSD gateway by implementing the Hardware Security Module (HMS). Each financial institution shall be securely loaded through an auditable process.

f). Implement end-to-end encryption by ensuring that at least radio encryption between users’ phones and based stations, using service VPN layered with SSL or TSL to ensure secure transmission of USSD signals.

What are the provisions of the framework on USSD service-related dispute resolution?

-The framework provides that Financial Institutions (FIs) shall be responsible for setting up dispute resolution mechanisms to facilitate the resolution of customers’ complaints.

– FIs shall treat and resolve any customer-related issue within 48 hours. Non- compliance shall be subject to penalties as may be prescribed by the CBN, from time to time.

What are the provisions of the USSD framework on remedial measures?

The CBN shall impose appropriate sanctions for any contravention on any FI that fails to comply with their framework.