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Bitcoin Community Discussing BIP 361 Titled; Post Quantum Migration and Legacy Signature Sunset

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A draft BIP-361 titled “Post Quantum Migration and Legacy Signature Sunset” was published on Bitcoin’s BIP repository on GitHub. It was co-authored by several contributors in the Bitcoin quantum security space, including Jameson Lopp, Casa co-founder and others.

Bitcoin’s original cryptography primarily ECDSA over the secp256k1 curve is vulnerable to future quantum computers via Shor’s algorithm, which could theoretically derive private keys from public keys. The biggest risk applies to early addresses especially Pay-to-Public-Key or P2PK outputs from 2009–2011, where the public key is directly exposed on the blockchain.

Modern addresses like P2PKH, P2SH, Bech32 only reveal the public key when spending, reducing but not eliminating the risk for unspent outputs. Estimates suggest roughly 1.7 million BTC sometimes cited as high as part of ~6–7 million BTC total vulnerable supply sit in these legacy formats. This includes: The ~1.1 million BTC widely attributed to Satoshi Nakamoto’s early mining wallets (valued at around $74–75 billion at current prices).

Other dormant OG wallets from the 2010–2011 era. If a cryptographically relevant quantum computer (CRQC) emerges, an attacker could potentially steal these funds by cracking the exposed public keys. Recent discussions including a Google quantum research paper have highlighted timelines as potentially tightening toward the late 2020s in worst-case scenarios, though practical threats remain years away.

It builds directly on BIP-360 which introduced a new quantum-resistant output type called Pay-to-Merkle-Root or P2MR. BIP-361 outlines a three-phase sunset migration via a soft fork to incentivize moving funds to quantum-safe formats while eventually deprecating legacy signatures.

Phase A; triggered ~160,000 blocks /~3 years after activation: Prohibit new sends to legacy quantum-vulnerable addresses. All new transactions must use quantum-resistant types. Phase B ~5 years after activation, or 2 years after Phase A in some descriptions: Legacy ECDSA/Schnorr signatures become invalid on the network.

Any unmigrated funds in vulnerable addresses are effectively frozen permanently unspendable. Phase C: Introduce a mechanism allowing some owners to prove ownership and recover frozen funds without exposing keys broadly. The goal is proactive defense: Prevent a quantum heist that could flood the market with stolen coins, erode trust, or destabilize Bitcoin.

Proponents frame it as turning quantum security into a private incentive for holders to migrate.

The proposal is already sparking debate: Seen as responsible forward-planning by quantum security experts. Doing nothing risks catastrophic theft; freezing protects the network’s integrity long-term. Critics call it authoritarian, a violation of Bitcoin’s immutability and don’t trust, verify ethos. Freezing coins especially Satoshi’s touches on sacred principles like property rights and decentralization.

Some worry it could lead to chain splits, forced migrations with high fees or custody risks, or precedent for other interventions. Others argue the quantum timeline doesn’t yet justify such drastic steps. BIP-361 is still a draft—it would require broad consensus, testing, and activation likely via soft fork signaling like previous upgrades.

Not all vulnerable coins would be affected equally; coins in addresses without exposed public keys are safer until spent. This fits into broader ongoing work on post-quantum cryptography for Bitcoin. The network has time to deliberate, but the discussion is heating up as quantum hardware advances.

Oracle’s Bloom Energy Deal Delivers Instant Windfall and Secures a Critical Edge in the AI Infrastructure Race

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As the artificial intelligence boom expands beyond chips and software into the physical infrastructure that powers large-scale computing, Oracle has moved decisively to strengthen its position, turning a strategic energy partnership into both an immediate financial gain and a long-term operational advantage. It has expanded its agreement with Bloom Energy, giving the software giant faster access to electricity for its rapidly growing AI data centers.

This has instantly lifted the value of its recently issued equity warrant by hundreds of millions of dollars.

The development has significantly highlighted the next battleground in the AI arms race: power. With hyperscalers and enterprise cloud providers racing to deploy ever larger AI clusters, access to dependable electricity has become as strategically important as GPUs, semiconductors, and cloud software platforms.

Under the expanded agreement announced Monday, Bloom Energy will supply Oracle with up to 2.8 gigawatts of fuel-cell capacity to support the buildout of its AI and cloud computing infrastructure across the United States. An initial 1.2 gigawatts has already been contracted, with deployment underway and continuing into next year.

That is an unusually large commitment for a single corporate customer and signals Oracle’s intention to compete at the hyperscale end of the AI infrastructure market. To put the number in perspective, 2.8 gigawatts is utility-scale capacity, sufficient under normal usage assumptions to support millions of homes. For Oracle, it translates into a dedicated energy backbone for data centers designed to handle dense AI workloads, including model training, inference, and enterprise cloud services.

The market immediately recognized the scale and importance of the agreement. Bloom Energy shares surged roughly 15% after the announcement, lifting the stock to near $203 and sharply increasing the value of a warrant issued to Oracle just days earlier. That warrant, granted on Thursday under terms previously disclosed in October, gives Oracle the right to purchase up to 3.53 million Bloom shares at $113.28 each, representing a total investment of about $400 million.

At Monday’s post-announcement price, that creates an unrealized paper gain of approximately $316 million for Oracle. The financial upside, however, is only part of the story.

This is not a passive investment. The warrant structure strategically aligns Oracle’s capital deployment with Bloom’s commercial performance, effectively allowing Oracle to benefit financially from the very infrastructure supplier it is relying on to power its AI expansion.

Practically, Oracle is monetizing its own energy demand. That logic becomes clearer when viewed against the growing electricity bottleneck confronting the technology sector. Traditional grid connections for large data centers can take years, particularly in key U.S. markets where transmission capacity is already constrained. Bloom’s fuel-cell systems, by contrast, can be deployed on-site far more quickly, allowing customers to bypass lengthy utility timelines and reduce execution risk.

Bloom said its systems can be rolled out “much faster than traditional power options, helping customers get electricity sooner and lower project risks.”

This speed-to-power advantage is increasingly critical because AI workloads require high-density, uninterrupted electricity with minimal latency risk. Waiting years for grid upgrades is commercially impractical for companies trying to meet explosive customer demand in cloud computing and AI services.

Oracle’s own language underscores this urgency.

“By rapidly deploying Bloom’s reliable, efficient fuel cell energy, we are quickly meeting the demands of our customers across the United States,” said Mahesh Thiagarajan, executive vice president, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure.

That statement goes to the heart of the investment thesis. The company is not merely buying electricity. It is buying deployment speed and a competitive advantage.

This also helps explain why Oracle’s stock had already rallied sharply before the Bloom announcement. Shares rose nearly 13% in regular trading on Monday as investors rotated back into software and AI-related names that had been heavily sold earlier in the year. Even after the rally, Oracle remains down significantly year to date, which suggests investors are beginning to reprice its AI strategy after months of skepticism.

The deal also cements Bloom’s transformation from a clean-energy story into an AI infrastructure play.

The company has become one of the biggest beneficiaries of the data-center power boom as developers seek alternatives to conventional grid power. Its fuel cells generate electricity through chemical reactions rather than combustion, making them a cleaner and more flexible option, with byproducts that can include water and heat depending on the fuel source.

This shift in market perception has been dramatic. Bloom’s market capitalization has now moved above $50 billion, and the stock has more than doubled this year, fueled by investor belief that AI infrastructure spending will continue to drive outsized demand.

The broader insight here is that the AI boom is rapidly broadening beyond semiconductors and software. The first phase centered on chipmakers such as NVIDIA Corporation and cloud platforms. The next phase is increasingly about the industrial ecosystem required to support those systems, including electricity generation, cooling, networking, and physical data-center capacity.

Oracle’s reported decision to raise more than $100 billion in debt to fund its AI data-center expansion makes the Bloom partnership even more consequential. Securing long-term, modular power capacity reduces one of the largest operational risks tied to that capital-intensive strategy.

In that sense, the immediate $316 million paper gain may be the least important outcome. The more meaningful value lies in securing the energy infrastructure required to compete in the next stage of the AI race.

OpenAI Acquires Hiro, Signaling Push Into AI-Powered Personal Finance and Consumer Trust

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In its latest expansion beyond general-purpose conversational AI, OpenAI has acquired personal finance startup Hiro Finance, a move that points to a broader ambition to deepen its footprint in high-trust, high-frequency consumer use cases such as budgeting, savings planning, and scenario-based financial decision-making.

The deal, announced by Hiro founder Ethan Bloch on Monday and confirmed by OpenAI to TechCrunch, is seen as an acquihire rather than a traditional product acquisition. While financial terms were not disclosed, the structure of the transaction and Hiro’s imminent shutdown strongly suggest that the key asset is talent, product expertise, and domain-specific intellectual property rather than a continuing standalone business.

Hiro said it will cease operations on April 20 and permanently delete all user data from its servers on May 13, an important detail that underscores the finality of the transition.

That timeline matters not only for existing users but also for understanding OpenAI’s intent. The company is not preserving Hiro as an independent platform, at least for now. Instead, it appears to be absorbing the team and technology into its own ecosystem, potentially as part of a broader strategy to turn ChatGPT into a more domain-specialized, action-oriented assistant.

Bloch confirmed that Hiro’s employees will be joining him at OpenAI, though he did not specify the exact number. LinkedIn listings suggest the company had roughly 10 associated staff members.

Founded in 2023, Hiro was a relatively young fintech startup, but it entered one of the most commercially compelling segments of consumer AI: personalized financial planning.

The platform allowed users to input salary, debt obligations, recurring monthly expenses, and other personal financial data, then model “what-if” scenarios to guide decisions ranging from budgeting to debt repayment and savings strategies.

In essence, Hiro was building an AI-powered personal CFO for consumers.

That positioning came to attention because finance remains one of the most persistent pain points in consumer software. Users typically engage with money tools repeatedly and often build long-term dependence on them, which translates into strong retention and monetization potential.

Bloch articulated this vision directly in his public remarks.

“For decades, personalized financial guidance has been too expensive, too generic or too hard to access. ChatGPT is finally changing that,” he wrote.

“The mission that brought us to Hiro, and to Digit before that, has not changed: improving people’s financial well-being. If anything, it feels even more important now.”

That statement frames the acquisition not simply as an exit, but as a continuation of a longer entrepreneurial thesis centered on democratizing financial advice through technology. A critical differentiator in Hiro’s product was its emphasis on financial math accuracy, an area where AI systems have historically faced skepticism.

According to Bloch’s product demonstrations, Hiro was specifically trained to handle financial calculations reliably and even included a verification option that allowed users to confirm outputs.

For years, language models struggled with numerical reasoning, and while frontier models have improved significantly, financial planning remains a domain where even minor computational errors can undermine trust. The acquisition, therefore, likely gives OpenAI access to specialized expertise in one of the most sensitive real-world AI applications: systems that users may rely on for decisions affecting debt, savings, and wealth accumulation.

The founder’s background is a notable layer. Bloch is not a first-time entrepreneur. Before Hiro, he founded Digit, the digital-only savings and banking platform known for helping users automatically save money.

Digit was sold to Oportun, Inc. in 2021 for more than $200 million, with reports placing the figure at about $230 million. Earlier, he sold Flowtown, a social media SaaS company launched in 2009, for $4.5 million.

What makes his story particularly compelling is the persistence behind it. Bloch told Business Insider that Hiro was the 15th project he had launched since beginning his entrepreneurial journey at age 13.

The first 13 failed.

That progression, from repeated failure to multiple successful exits, gives the acquisition a strong narrative dimension and explains why the founder himself may be as valuable an asset as the product. Strategically, this deal may signal that OpenAI is accelerating its move from a horizontal AI platform to verticalized, workflow-specific products.

Horizontal AI refers to general-purpose tools that can be used across many domains, while vertical AI is tailored to highly specialized use cases such as law, medicine, finance, or enterprise operations. Personal finance is one of the most attractive verticals because it combines high engagement, recurring usage, and strong monetization pathways. It is also one of the most trust-sensitive categories.

Users may tolerate occasional hallucinations in casual chat, but they are far less likely to accept inaccuracies when dealing with budgets, investment choices, or debt planning. This acquisition, therefore, may represent an early test of how far OpenAI intends to push into agentic consumer finance tools.

There is also a competitive angle. Reports noted Hiro’s proximity to communities using OpenClaw and other agent-based trading systems, where some users have tended to favor Anthropic’s Claude ecosystem.

Bloch himself reportedly created an auto-trading OpenClaw agent named RoboBuffett, adding another intriguing link between financial automation and agentic AI systems.

That raises a broader strategic question: is OpenAI building toward a consumer “life operating system” where finance, scheduling, research, productivity, and decision support are all integrated into one assistant layer?

While the company has not stated this explicitly, the Hiro deal fits that direction.

Together, the acquisition suggests OpenAI is moving beyond pure model development and increasingly focusing on applied, everyday use cases where AI becomes embedded in decision-making itself.

Nvidia’s Quantum AI Breakthrough Ignites Rally in Speculative Quantum Stocks as Investors Bet on the Next Computing Frontier

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Quantum computing stocks surged sharply in Tuesday’s trading session after Nvidia unveiled a major artificial intelligence advancement aimed at one of the sector’s most stubborn engineering bottlenecks, fueling renewed investor enthusiasm for a space long viewed as high-risk and highly speculative.

The rally followed Nvidia’s launch of Ising, a new open-source family of AI models purpose-built to accelerate the path toward commercially viable quantum computing. The announcement immediately lifted sentiment across listed quantum names, with investors rushing into stocks seen as direct beneficiaries of any acceleration in real-world quantum adoption.

Among the biggest gainers in Tuesday’s session were:

  • IonQ: +13%
  • D-Wave Quantum: +13%
  • Rigetti Computing: +9%
  • Xanadu Quantum Technologies: +28%

The scale of the move underscores how sensitive the quantum segment remains to major technology catalysts, particularly from a company with Nvidia’s influence over AI infrastructure markets.

But at the heart of the excitement is the problem Nvidia is trying to solve. Quantum computers, unlike classical machines, rely on qubits, which are notoriously fragile and highly susceptible to environmental noise and computational errors. These issues, especially processor calibration and error correction, have been among the biggest barriers preventing quantum systems from scaling into commercially useful machines.

Nvidia said Ising directly targets these limitations.

According to the company, the models can deliver up to 2.5 times faster performance and three times higher accuracy in the decoding process required for quantum error correction compared with current open-source standards.

“AI is essential to making quantum computing practical,” Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang said.

“With Ising, AI becomes the control plane — the operating system of quantum machines — transforming fragile qubits to scalable and reliable quantum-GPU systems.”

This means, rather than positioning AI and quantum as separate technological tracks, Nvidia is increasingly presenting them as converging layers of the next-generation compute stack, with AI acting as the orchestration layer that stabilizes and optimizes quantum workloads.

This hybrid architecture is quickly becoming the dominant thesis in the industry. Analysts at Bernstein framed the development in terms that investors can readily understand.

“Quantum Processor Units (QPUs) are likely to become the next important co-processor in data centers, sitting alongside CPUs and GPUs,” the analysts told clients.

“CPUs will remain the workhorse for general-purpose computing, while GPUs dominate highly parallel workloads such as AI. QPUs, in turn, could become essential for a set of problems that are too complex or too costly for classical processors to solve efficiently.”

Their analogy was especially striking because QPU systems can search a 100-million-page phone book all at once, while CPUs must go page by page. That comparison helps explain why investors continue to pile into quantum stocks despite the sector’s limited near-term revenues.

The appeal is not based on current earnings power, but on the prospect that QPUs could eventually become indispensable for solving highly complex optimization, cryptography, molecular simulation, and logistics problems that classical systems struggle to process efficiently.

Industry experts say Nvidia’s move is important because it translates quantum principles into usable tools that can create immediate enterprise value.

Ramsey Theory Group CEO Dan Herbatschek told Business Insider: “This is significant because NVIDIA is taking what is a principle from quantum physics and making it actually usable … NVIDIA just brought quantum-like computing to hardware already in existence that organizations have — allowing them to benefit with real business value now.”

Investors have long been skeptical of pure quantum names because commercial deployment timelines remain uncertain. By embedding quantum-inspired workflows into existing GPU infrastructure, Nvidia is effectively bringing some of the economic benefits of quantum-style computation into present-day systems, reducing the wait for monetization.

Quantum Art CEO Dr. Tal David also emphasized the significance of the hybrid approach.

“Nvidia Ising shows the power of hybrid quantum-classical computing, which is at the forefront of the industry,” he said.

This hybrid model may ultimately be the bridge that carries the industry from experimental research into mainstream enterprise adoption.

Still, the sector remains speculative because real-world applications at scale are still likely years away, and most listed quantum companies continue to trade more on technological milestones and partnerships than on established cash flows.

That said, the long-term use cases remain compelling. Quantum computing is widely expected to have transformative implications for drug discovery, advanced materials science, battery chemistry, climate modeling, cybersecurity, and energy optimization.

In pharmaceuticals, for example, quantum systems could dramatically accelerate molecular simulations that currently take classical supercomputers an enormous time and cost to perform.

But Tuesday’s announcement also reinforces a broader message: Nvidia is determined to dominate not only the AI boom, but the next computing paradigm that follows it. For investors, the sharp rally in names such as IonQ, D-Wave, and Rigetti reflects a familiar pattern in frontier technology markets: when a dominant infrastructure player signals validation, speculative capital tends to move quickly.

Lost your keys and then got burgled? Here’s what your insurance will (and won’t) do

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The short answer: you may still have cover — but the details matter

If you lost your keys and then got burgled, the first question is obvious: did you just ruin your claim?

Usually, no. But this is one of those situations where the details matter more than people expect. A lot of people assume the burglary is the whole story. It usually is not.

The insurer’s focus is typically on the following four practical questions related to how someone entered your home after you lost your keys:

  1. Was the key lost or stolen? 
  2. Was it possible to connect the key to your address (from information on the key chain or somethings similar)? 
  3. Were there any signs of forced entry, or does it look like entry was made through other means? 
  4. Did you report the loss promptly and take reasonable precautions to protect your property?

The answers to all of the above questions matter, because the claim often turns on whether the loss looks like an unfortunate event or a preventable one. Readers often search for things like home insurance lost keys burglary cover or insurance claim after losing keys because they are really asking a narrower question: “Will the insurer treat this as bad luck, or as something I should have prevented?”

The uncomfortable part is that both can be true. You may still have cover, but the facts around the keys can change how the burglary is viewed.

Complications involved when keys are part of a burglary claim

Typically, burglary claims are relatively easy to evaluate when evidence of forceful entry exists such as a broken lock, a smashed window or a damaged door frame. The introduction of missing keys into the picture complicates this process.

Scenario: on Friday you lose your keys. Your apartment is burglarized on Saturday. The police found no evidence of a broken lock, no smashed windows, etc. While this does not automatically indicate there is no claim, it does complicate the evaluation of whether the burglar used your key to enter your apartment and if so, could that access have been reasonably prevented?

No broken lock doesn’t always mean no claim — but it raises questions

Too many people mistakenly believe that since there was no apparent break-in (“no broken lock”), then obviously there is no coverage for the burglary. That simplification ignores critical differences between typical forced entry burglaries and others that involve some form of unauthorized access using existing keys.

While both forced-entry burglary and no-forced-entry burglary can present difficult fact patterns to insurers, it is – as you might expect – generally more challenging to prove a burglary claim when a key was used by an intruder.

Lost keys are different from stolen keys

It is essential to understand that losing keys is not equivalent to having keys stolen. The springing point between the two scenarios is how easily a connection can be made between a lost key and a resident’s identity/address.

For example:

In Scenario A, an individual loses a house key. However, no identifying data is contained within or associated with the lost key. As an example, if the lost key has no identifying features (i.e., tags, labels with name and address, etc.), it will likely be much harder for an insurer to establish a link between the lost key and your residence. The situation is still a problem, but it is not as problematic as the situation in Scenario B…

In Scenario B, an individual has their purse/backpack stolen while traveling via public transportation. Within that purse/backpack is their set of house keys along with their driver’s license and additional documents (e.g., utility bills, credit cards) that provide their full name and residential address. That is a very different scenario. If you then get burgled and there is no forced entry, the insurer is more likely to ask what you did, how quickly you acted, and whether the loss created an obvious security problem.

Where negligence typically enters into claims processing

When people ask, does home insurance cover negligence, they often imagine a dramatic legal threshold. In reality, the question is usually more ordinary than that.

Negligence in this context is often about sequence and response, focusing on questions such as:

  1. Did you ignore a known hazard? 
  2. Did you react too slowly? 
  3. Did you fail to adequately safeguard your property following the discovery of your missing keys in a traceable manner?

“More often than not it is not the original error itself which causes problems for a claimant; it is what occurred thereafter. According to the Association of British Insurers, policyholders are generally expected to take reasonable steps to prevent loss or damage — and how quickly you act after a security breach like losing traceable keys can directly affect how a claim is assessed.”. Losing things is normal behavior. Bags being stolen happen. It is what occurs after the loss that ultimately determines whether a claim will be successful. If the facts demonstrate either undue delay or an unreasonable amount of exposure or inaction after a red flag warning signal existed, then the claim will be jeopardized. That is also where people asking what voids a home insurance burglary claim will find their answer. 

Steps to take immediately if you lose your keys

This is the part that matters most if you are dealing with the problem right now.

  1. Lock down your property ASAP by changing your locks or securing it in other secure ways.
  2. Notify authorities of theft/loss where applicable.
  3. Inform your insurer promptly rather than waiting for certain confirmation.
  4. Document timeline while events are fresh.
  5. Maintain receipts and proof for changing locks or emergency repairs.

That last point is not minor. If your keys were stolen in a way that could be linked to your address, changing locks may be urgent, not optional. A common mistake is waiting because you are still unsure whether the keys were actually stolen, merely misplaced, or already used. From an insurance point of view, delay can become part of the story.

The part this article should not try to answer fully

This is also where a short article reaches its limit. Whether you are covered depends on insurer wording, local market practice, the facts of entry, and sometimes even how negligence is framed in your country. That is why broad answers online can feel unsatisfying: they flatten situations that are not actually identical.

If you want the broader picture — especially how policy wording, negligence clauses, and claims standards can vary across Europe — see our European Insurance Coverage Guide. This article is meant to answer the narrow question well. The bigger framework belongs there.

A clear closing answer

So, am I covered if I lost my keys and got burgled?

Possibly, yes. Losing your keys does not automatically destroy a burglary claim. But it can materially affect how the insurer views the method of entry, your response, and whether the loss looks preventable.

The strongest claims are usually the ones where the facts are documented early and the policyholder acts fast. If the keys were traceable, the timing of your response matters. If there was no forced entry, the surrounding circumstances matter even more.

That is the honest answer. Not “always covered.” Not always “claim denied.” To see how your specific situation plays out, ask the AI-powered insurance guide InsurAGI and you will receive a very clear answer to your question.