Medical malpractice or clinical negligence is when a health practitioner fails to exercise a reasonable standard of care in attending to a patient. That is to say that medical malpractice or clinical negligence will be said to have occurred if a doctor fails to do what is reasonably expected of a doctor in handling or attending to a patient.

For an aggrieved patient to successfully prove that there was medical malpractice these following four facts must be established if not the action against the health practitioner for clinical negligence will fail. 

They are: 

1. The patient must establish that the doctor owes him a duty of care. That is to say that they exit a doctor-patient relationship between the patient and the doctor. 
2. That the doctor breached the duty to provide adequate care owed to the patient or that the care provided to the patient falls below the expected reasonable standard of care. 
3. That the doctor’s action caused the patient’s injury or that foreseeable harm has occurred to the patient which arose out of the breach of the duty of care by the doctor. 
4. That the patient suffered an injury that resulted in damages. 

The most critical issue in medical negligence suits is determining whether the doctor has fallen below the expected reasonable care owed to the patient. To determine if the doctor breached the duty of care owed to the patient or that the care falls below what is professionally expected of a doctor, the “Bolam test” is applied.  

The Bolam test gained prominence in the United Kingdom in the case of Bolam V. Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 1 WLR 582. 

In this case, the court held that “ a doctor who has acted in accordance with a practice at the time as proper by a reasonable body of medical opinions skilled in the particular form of treatment in question was not guilty of negligence merely because there was a body of competent professional opinion which might adopt a different technique”. 

This landmark holding of the court in the above case established the Bolam test which is still applied in determining clinical negligence or medical malpractice up to this day.

The Bolam test is a peer review system, that is to say, that the colleagues of the doctor standing trial for medical malpractice in the same line of medical practice will determine if the action of the doctor is professionally reasonable or that he acted negligently.

The question that is always raised in applying this test is “what will other doctors acting within reasonable professional precaution do if they happen to be in “the same shoe” or find themselves in the same situation”. Will other doctors do the (exact) same thing the doctor did if they happen to find themselves in his shoes? If the answer is yes then the doctor has not fallen below the expected reasonable care owed to the patient.

This is to say that for a doctor to be discharged of medical malpractice, It must be able to show that any or some medical professionals when in the same situation as the doctor standing trial would have done or will do the same thing, giving the same outcome.

It does not matter if some of the doctors have different opinions, as much as it is established that a doctor acting within reasonable care and professional ethics will do the same.

But, if after applying the Bolam test and it is seen that no doctor acting with reasonable medical precaution will do the same in that exact situation then it will be held that the doctor has acted negligently or has breached the duty of care owed to the patient.

For instance, if a doctor administers a drug to a patient and it causes a side effect to the patient which made the patient develop complications and the patient sues the doctor for medical malpractice, the court will apply the Bolam test to determine the culpability of the doctor. The court will invite other medical experts in that same line of medical practice and ask them “if they have a patient that is sick of what the claimant was sick of, will they have administered the same drugs that the doctor administered?”. If the doctors (or some of the doctors) in their professional opinion answered “yes” that they will administer the same drug under the same situation, then the doctor will not be held culpable for negligence, it does not matter if the opinions of some of the doctors differ but if all the doctors state that they would not have administered that drug in that instance the accused doctor will be held to be acted negligently or have breached the duty of care owed to the patient.

The cryptocurrency market is a goldmine of several opportunities, and it gets even better for users who can catch up on these opportunities early. The Tamadoge coin has done some good numbers for investors who got in early and bought the token at the early stage of the presale. The cryptocurrency had raised over $19 million weeks before the end of the presale. Tamadoge token is in high demand, and experts even predict a price increase of over $0.06.

With the Tamadoge presale closing, the Big Eyes coin(BIG) is another meme coin posing some opportunities for investors in 2022. The meme coin’s unique offering gets even more interesting because the coin is cat-themed, setting a precedence for the next generation of meme coins. Let’s find out more in this article.

Tamadoge (TAMA) 

Tamadoge (TAMA) is one new cryptocurrency that has caused quite a stir in the cryptocurrency community. Though the project hasn’t launched yet and is currently rounding up its presale, it has gathered some massive buzz and a bullish community of investors. Tamadoge is one of the first meme coins with an NFT platform, its unique metaverse, called the Tamaverse, and other common blockchain features like the P2E mechanism and token utilization.

Tamadoge was created using the same structure as Dogecoin, but its creators wanted it to compete with other well-known metaverse initiatives. Therefore, it was built to surpass Dogecoin in terms of utility. The ecosystem uses Doge’s popularity to attract the attention of possible backers and has also been tagged the next meme coin to surpass Dogecoin. Tamadoge’s debut has been a great success so far. TAMA has grown to be one of the most valuable meme coins even before launch and stands to be one of the top coins to look forward to in the coming year.

Tamadoge is currently tagged the future of meme coins. Suppose you missed out on purchasing the token in the early days of the presale. In that case, the Big eyes coin is another cryptocurrency to look out for, and experts believe could perform even better than Tamadoge. Let’s discuss more Big Eyes in detail below.

Big Eyes Coin(BIG)

Big Eyes Coin (BIG) is a cat-themed meme coin focused on bringing wealth into the crypto landscape. Since the presale started, the meme coin has gathered some hype and buzz in the past few weeks. The network made a wise choice in selecting a kitten as its logo, making the meme coin a cat inspired project that is quite different from the usual dog-themed coins we see more often.

Big Eyes Coin is not only inspired by adorable cute cats but also kind. The network is on a mission to save the world from the effects of climate change by donating money to ocean preserves. The network also intends to join other charitable causes, like donating $1000 to the luna children.

Big eyes coin is wrapping up its stage 2 presale, which means there is still a window for investors looking to buy the network for cheap. Join the network presale here.

For more information:

Website: https://bigeyes.space/

Presale: https://buy.bigeyes.space/?section=buy

It’s a new week within the cryptocurrency industry, and the ongoing bear market is yet to meet its conclusion. The bear market has already caused severe havoc since it began, such as a wave of staff layoffs from prominent crypto platforms such as Coinbase, BlockFi and Gemini. All around the cryptocurrency industry, the bear market’s conclusion is an event that is highly anticipated.

In the meantime, investors should take full advantage of the low crypto prices to make long-term cryptocurrency investments on suitable altcoins that would fetch massive profits in the long run. This piece examines three altcoins with the potential to do just that. Decentraland (MANA), Avalanche (AVAX) and Supontis Token (PON) coming right up.

Adventures In Decentraland (MANA)

Decentraland (MANA) is a virtual reality and gaming platform that runs on the Ethereum (ETH) blockchain. Decentraland (MANA) allows users to create, experience, and monetize content and applications and is ideal for content creators, businesses and individuals looking for a new artistic medium, business opportunity, or source of entertainment.

On Decentraland (MANA), users purchase parcels of LAND, which they can navigate, build upon and monetize. LAND is the piece of property on which users can develop and create content, applications and other forms of experiences on Decentraland (MANA). Some of the user-built experiences on Decentraland (MANA) include interactive games, sprawling 3D scenes and a variety of other interactive experiences.

MANA, the native cryptocurrency of Decentraland, facilitates transactions and payments for in-game purchases. MANA is available on several crypto platforms, including Binance, OKEx and Coinbase Pro.

Pathway to Decentralization – Avalanche (AVAX)

Avalanche (AVAX) is a layer one blockchain that functions as a platform for decentralized applications and custom blockchain networks. With a higher transaction output of up to 6,500 transactions per second (tps), while not compromising scalability, it is one of Ethereum’s rivals with the capacity to unseat it as the most popular blockchain for smart contracts.

Avalanche (AVAX) exists to solve the blockchain trilemma, which suggests that blockchain networks cannot achieve a sufficient degree of decentralization at a scale. It does so through three interoperable blockchains, which all serve a distinct purpose.

Central to all operations on Avalanche is its native cryptocurrency, AVAX. AVAX is a top 20 cryptocurrency by market cap with a live market cap of $5,717,502,209, a circulating supply of 283,927,601 AVAX coins, and a max supply of 720,000,000 AVAX coins. The token is available on several crypto platforms, including Binance, Bitfinex, Gate.io and Kucoin.

A Major Player Emerges – Supontis Token (PON)

Supontis Token (PON) facilitates transactions and backs operations on the Supontis platform, an upcoming crypto platform that enables the cross-chain transfer of digital assets across blockchain networks. Some of the blockchains the Supontis platform supports include Ethereum (ETH), Binance Smart CHain (BSC), Fantom (FTM) and Tron (TRX).

Apart from enabling the cross-chain transfer of crypto across blockchain networks, Supontis will also facilitate staking.  Staking tokens on the Supontis platform will allow users to receive a portion of the income it makes,

Supontis Token (PON) goes on presale in the coming weeks and contains mouth-watering bonuses and incentives. An example is the 18% additional token bonus that comes with purchasing PON with Ethereum (ETH). Find out more details on Supontis here.

Supontis Token (SUP)

Presale: https://register.supontis.com

Website: http://supontis.com/

Telegram: https://t.me/SupontisTokenOfficial