Alphabet Inc.’s Google is preparing to plant one of its most ambitious energy-linked data-center footprints in Andhra Pradesh, Bloomberg reports.

According to the report, the state’s leader, N. Chandrababu Naidu, is already signaling that the scale of the project may grow far beyond the initial $15 billion planned for the first five years.

During an interview in Visakhapatnam on Saturday, Naidu said Google’s plan to set up a large data center in the coastal city is only the starting point of what he expects to become a long-term expansion. Asked whether the US tech giant might double its investment once the initial period elapses, he said, “It is always an opportunity under their compulsions.” His phrasing hinted that global infrastructure pressure — driven by rising AI workloads — could draw Google into a deeper build-out.

“It is a win-win situation to start with $15 billion within five years,” Naidu said, framing the company’s move as a cornerstone of Andhra Pradesh’s economic revival strategy.

A State Racing to Become India’s Data Capital

Andhra Pradesh has set in motion a sweeping plan to court data-center operators, renewable-energy investors, and global cloud companies. Naidu said the state already has commitments for 5.5 GW of data-center capacity from firms including Reliance Industries Ltd., and that the build-out will be paired with large-scale green-energy expansion.

“This data flow is cost-effective compared to consumption of power,” he said — an argument that blends the economics of hyperscale computing with the state’s long-term energy plan. “That is the game changer. Now everybody is coming to Andhra Pradesh.”

Naidu said the combined effect of these projects positions Andhra Pradesh to become a global hub for data centers, a goal he has pursued since his earlier tenures, long before the current AI-driven global infrastructure boom.

Google announced the Visakhapatnam project last month, linking it to new energy sources and a fiber-optic network that would anchor the region’s role in the company’s Indian operations. Indian tycoon Gautam Adani later confirmed that his joint venture, AdaniConneX, would partner with Google on the project, along with Bharti Airtel, India’s second-largest wireless carrier.

Google has described the project as its largest investment in India to date. It is also designed to serve as a base for accelerating local AI-industry growth, aligning with state and national goals for tech-led economic expansion. Google’s representatives have not commented on Naidu’s latest remarks about possible additional investment.

India’s Data-Center Boom Intensifies

The larger landscape around Google’s project is charged with activity. India has emerged as one of the biggest global beneficiaries of the AI infrastructure wave, drawing interest from nearly every major US technology company.

Amazon has already outlined a plan to invest $12.7 billion in cloud infrastructure in India by 2030. OpenAI, in partnership negotiations with local and global players, is pursuing a 1-gigawatt data-center project in the region — one of the largest single-site capacities ever proposed by a US AI company. The country’s overall data-center investment is expected to cross $100 billion by 2027, according to CBRE Group Inc.

This rush is tied directly to unprecedented global demand for AI computing. Goldman Sachs Research estimates that the world will have about 122 GW of data-center capacity in place by the end of 2030. That level of expansion brings profound consequences for global power systems and could require roughly $720 billion in grid spending through the decade.

In India, the expansion is taking on a distinctive shape. Commercial land costs are lower than many global competitors; telecom infrastructure is widespread; and the country offers one of the largest bases of cloud-ready enterprises and digital consumers. At the same time, the demands of hyperscale AI infrastructure have laid bare the parts of India’s system that still run thin — from inconsistent electricity supply to tight water resources and the long delays that accompany grid expansion.

Modi’s National Tech Push Meets Local Constraints

Prime Minister Narendra Modi has framed technology as a driver of economic transformation, job creation, and poverty reduction. That has translated into open support for data-center investment, subsidies for renewable-energy expansion, and a long queue of state governments competing to attract hyperscale facilities.

But India’s infrastructure gap remains a central tension. Water availability has been a mounting challenge for the industry, because many data centers rely on cooling technologies that require large volumes of water. Several states have begun pressuring operators to adopt air-cooling or hybrid systems, which are more costly.

Electricity reliability also complicates the government’s pitch. The power grid in many regions still struggles with load balancing, and the sudden rise of power-intensive data centers — combined with rapid electrification of transport and manufacturing — risks outpacing grid upgrades. The country’s renewable-energy sector is growing fast, yet still faces bottlenecks in storage capacity, transmission lines, and project approvals.

These limitations do not diminish India’s appeal, but they raise the stakes for states like Andhra Pradesh that want to become dominant players in digital infrastructure. Naidu’s administration is attempting to address this by tying data-center policy directly to renewable-energy expansion and by pitching the state as a region where land, power, and logistics can be delivered in a unified package.

Naidu said he is targeting a 15 percent annual growth rate for Andhra Pradesh and expects to attract $1 trillion in investment over the next decade. The figure is ambitious and hinges heavily on the state’s ability to attract companies that commit large sums over long durations — such as Google.

The chief minister’s strategy depends on portraying the state as stable, predictable, and business-friendly at a moment when global companies are seeking locations that can sustain multi-billion-dollar AI infrastructure. Land availability around Visakhapatnam, the presence of major ports, ongoing renewable-energy projects, and political alignment with the central government all form part of his pitch.

The political angle matters. Naidu’s Telugu Desam Party is a crucial part of the coalition supporting Narendra Modi’s government in New Delhi. On Saturday, Naidu cited the sweeping victory of Modi’s party in the Bihar state election this week as evidence of national stability under the current leadership.

“Winning the election is a message for the global community and also local people,” he said. “Local people will move very fast because of stability.”

That line captures the state government’s effort to signal reliability to global investors. In many emerging markets, political stability is a deciding factor for long-term cloud and AI infrastructure commitments. Hyperscale projects can take years to plan and decades to operate, requiring regulatory continuity and consistently supportive local administrations. Naidu is seeking to assure investors that Andhra Pradesh can deliver that environment.

What Google Stands to Gain

For Google, the Visakhapatnam project fits into a broader push to expand global AI infrastructure and build regional hubs tied directly to renewable-energy sources.

Its India expansion has grown more urgent as AI model training and inference needs soar. The company is competing head-to-head with Amazon, Microsoft, and Meta for global GPU capacity, land, fiber routes, and long-term clean-energy contracts. India offers a combination of scale and cost efficiency that makes it attractive for future AI clusters, especially as the company seeks to diversify beyond its existing US and European centers.

The Visakhapatnam project is particularly significant because it is designed from inception with green-energy integration and dedicated fiber infrastructure — a model that Google has been moving toward in several countries to strengthen long-term resilience and cost predictability.

The project is also expected to strengthen Google’s relationship with India, a market central to the company’s product roadmap. India is one of the world’s largest bases of internet users, mobile-first consumers, and developers — making local AI infrastructure a strategic priority.

Google’s decision to anchor a major investment in Andhra Pradesh is already reshaping expectations for the region. The combined effect of Google, Reliance, AdaniConneX, and Bharti Airtel positions the state as one of the emerging pillars of India’s AI and cloud economy.

However, whether the $15 billion investment grows further will depend on factors well beyond Andhra Pradesh: global GPU availability, cloud demand across Asia, India’s regulatory climate, and Google’s own AI-infrastructure strategy. But Naidu’s confidence, and his eagerness to suggest that the company might scale beyond its initial commitment, is rooted in the speed of India’s data-center boom.

South Africa has secured its first sovereign credit rating upgrade in almost 20 years after S&P Global lifted the country’s foreign-currency long-term rating to “BB” from “BB-”, marking a milestone in a reform drive aimed at stabilizing public finances and hauling the economy out of years of sluggish growth.

The upgrade, announced on Friday, comes after the ratings agency cited stronger growth prospects, an improving fiscal outlook and reduced contingent liabilities. Those improvements are tied in large part to better performance at Eskom, the state-owned power utility whose operational failures and heavy debt load have long weighed on the country’s ratings.

The National Treasury has spent the past several years pushing to slow the rise in public debt and restore fiscal credibility after a long period of deterioration. The mid-term budget review published recently showed the country’s debt-to-GDP ratio stabilizing at 77.9% this financial year, with the budget deficit expected to narrow to 4.7% of GDP in 2025/26. That is an improvement from the 4.8% deficit projected in the May budget, signaling momentum behind efforts to pull the country onto a more sustainable path.

S&P said it expects South Africa’s GDP growth to rise to 1.1% in 2025 after a weak 0.5% in 2024, and to average about 1.5% between 2026 and 2028 as electricity supply improves and other sectors begin to add support. That view reflects the ratings agency’s assessment that years of power disruptions are easing and that reforms in freight logistics and state-owned enterprises are beginning to show progress.

State firms in both power and freight have been at the center of South Africa’s economic constraints. Eskom’s inability to keep the lights on — a crisis that frequently cuts power to homes, factories, and mines — has repeatedly held back growth. At the same time, bottlenecks at Transnet, the state freight and ports operator, have choked exports in major sectors such as mining. The government has attempted to tackle these issues through structural reforms that allow more private-sector participation and clearer operational targets. S&P said those changes are contributing to the improved outlook.

Fiscal performance is also beginning to align with Treasury’s targets. Revenue collections have exceeded projections early in the 2025 fiscal year, giving the government breathing room as it pursues fiscal consolidation. The ratings agency said it expects successive years of primary surpluses and continued discipline through 2028, underscoring expectations that the consolidation trend will hold.

Even with the upgrade, South Africa remains two notches below investment grade on its foreign-currency rating. The country first fell into junk status in 2017 after the removal of then Finance Minister Pravin Gordhan by President Jacob Zuma triggered political turmoil and policy instability. Successive downgrade cycles from that moment deepened investor concern and drove up borrowing costs.

S&P kept South Africa’s outlook at “positive,” signaling that further improvements could arise if reforms continue to take hold, the fiscal position strengthens further, and growth stabilizes above recent lows.

The upgrade marks a symbolic turning point for Africa’s most industrialized economy, which has spent years struggling to reverse weak growth, unreliable power supply, and widening fiscal strain. But holding the momentum is likely going to depend on the government’s ability to keep reforms on track while navigating slow global demand, stubbornly high domestic unemployment, and pressure to expand social spending.

Apple Inc. is stepping up preparations for a major leadership transition as Chief Executive Tim Cook signals his potential departure as soon as next year, a move that points to the tech giant’s efforts to secure continuity at the top as the tech industry evolves.

John Ternus, Apple’s senior vice president of hardware engineering, is widely considered the leading internal candidate to succeed Cook, according to sources familiar with internal discussions reported by the Financial Times.

Cook, who has led Apple for more than 14 years following Steve Jobs’ resignation in 2011, has overseen transformative developments in the company’s product lines and services business. His tenure has included the expansion of Apple’s global footprint, record-setting revenues, and initiatives in new sectors such as healthcare, augmented reality, and financial services. His potential exit is seen as a pivotal moment for Apple, raising questions about how the company will maintain its culture of innovation while navigating global market challenges.

The company’s board and senior executives are reportedly weighing the timing and approach to the succession carefully, with a formal announcement unlikely before Apple’s next earnings report in late January, which will cover the critical holiday sales period. Analysts note that an orderly transition is essential to maintain investor confidence, particularly given the high expectations surrounding Apple’s continued growth in hardware, services, and emerging technologies like artificial intelligence.

Promoting Ternus, a long-serving Apple engineer who has overseen the development of the iPhone, iPad, and Mac product lines, would reflect the company’s broader strategy of internal succession planning. His deep knowledge of Apple’s engineering processes, product strategy, and market positioning positions him to manage both operational continuity and strategic innovation.

Apple’s succession planning also reflects a wider trend across Silicon Valley, where long-tenured leaders are preparing to step down as companies face intensifying competition, regulatory scrutiny, and pressure to sustain growth in emerging sectors. Analysts point to examples such as Microsoft, which has gradually shifted leadership roles in anticipation of Satya Nadella’s eventual succession planning, and Google, where Sundar Pichai oversees a sprawling empire of cloud, AI, and consumer products while being groomed for continuity within Alphabet’s structure.

Investor response to CEO transitions at major tech firms has historically been mixed. While succession can signal stability and foresight, markets may react cautiously if there is uncertainty about the company’s strategic direction or the successor’s capacity to maintain momentum. In Apple’s case, Ternus’ potential appointment is likely to be interpreted as a vote of confidence in internal talent, signaling continuity in product vision and execution.

Cook’s eventual departure comes as Apple faces broader industry pressures, including intensifying pressure to get directly involved in the AI evolution – starting its own model – especially as competition from Microsoft, Google, Amazon, and Chinese tech companies in hardware and cloud heightens. The board’s proactive planning suggests a recognition that maintaining Apple’s market leadership will require a balance of operational stability and innovative edge during and after the leadership transition.

While Apple has not commented on succession plans, the accelerated internal discussions underscore its push to maintain seamless leadership amid growing competition from Chinese phone makers.

S&P Global Ratings has lifted Nigeria’s sovereign credit outlook to positive from stable, a move that signals growing confidence in the country’s reform drive and improving macroeconomic signals.

The agency kept Nigeria’s long- and short-term foreign and local currency ratings at ‘B-/B’, along with national scale ratings of ‘ngBBB+/ngA-2’, but noted that the country is now on firmer ground than it was a year ago.

In August 2023, S&P shifted Nigeria’s outlook from negative to stable, following earlier concerns tied to the country’s weak revenue base and limited FX liquidity. The negative outlook in May 2023 stemmed from rising fiscal deficits and declining foreign exchange inflows. The Central Bank of Nigeria later reported that the fiscal deficit for the first quarter of 2023 stood at N4 trillion.

According to S&P, the new outlook is driven by stronger external accounts, rising investor confidence, and clearer fiscal and monetary policy coordination. The agency acknowledged that the state of the economy remains fragile, with low GDP per capita, heavy debt servicing, and gaps in data quality, yet concluded that Nigeria has begun to chart a more stable path under President Bola Tinubu’s reform agenda.

Since mid-2023, a wave of policy changes has reshaped Nigeria’s macroeconomic landscape. Currency liberalization, fuel subsidy removal, renewed efforts to grow revenue, and the gradual rebound of oil output have earned global attention. The commissioning of the Dangote refinery has added a new dynamic, with expectations that it will reduce import dependence and improve the balance of payments once production volumes reach maximum.

S&P added that authorities have taken steps aimed at lifting growth and strengthening the economy’s resilience. These moves, the agency argued, are beginning to yield tangible results.

Growth projections rise as policies settle in

S&P has upgraded Nigeria’s growth forecast to an average of 3.7% from 2025 to 2028, up from its previous projection of 3.2%. Higher oil output, improved refinery activity, and rising private sector confidence are feeding into that outlook. Inflation is projected to slow steadily, reaching about 13% by 2028, helped by tighter monetary policy and a more predictable FX framework.

Foreign reserves are quoted at just under $44 billion as of October 2025, and the country’s exit from the FATF grey list has encouraged inflows from Nigerians abroad and foreign portfolio investors. The naira’s current trading framework, though still volatile, has helped restore some clarity to the FX market.

S&P, however, warned that any slippage in implementing reforms or any weakness in Nigeria’s ability to pay commercial obligations could send the outlook back to stable. Rising fiscal pressures, heavy debt service needs, or sudden shifts in foreign investor sentiment remain real possibilities. On the other hand, a rating upgrade could arrive within a year if fiscal and external gains continue to strengthen.

Nigeria’s public finances are expected to benefit from the newly enacted Nigeria Revenue Service Establishment Act and the Tax Administration Acts. These laws streamline collection processes and aim to reduce leakages.

S&P projects a general government deficit averaging 3.2% of GDP over 2025–2028. The 2027 election cycle is not expected to derail fiscal discipline significantly. Debt servicing costs will remain heavy, though more orderly liquidity management and tighter spending controls may ease some of the strain.

For the first time in years, oil production has gained some stability, rising to 1.60 million barrels per day from 1.38 mbpd in 2022. Strengthened security efforts have reduced theft and vandalism along key pipelines. The Dangote refinery has begun operations and is expected to scale toward its full 650-million-barrel annual capacity.

These gains, along with new GDP rebasing, point to a more diversified and sturdier economic structure. S&P acknowledged that non-oil sectors are expanding, although challenges remain.

Structural weaknesses keep pressure high

Nigeria continues to struggle with low income levels — GDP per capita remains around $1,200 — and high poverty. Inflation at 16.05% as of October is trending down, and is expected to drop further if the food import window opened earlier this year remains in place. The informal sector, while complicating tax collection, plays a key role in absorbing shocks during economic downturns.

S&P noted that issues tied to weak data quality, financial leakages, and limited institutional capacity will take time to correct. The agency expects the current administration to keep pushing reforms, though momentum may ease as political attention shifts toward the 2027 elections.

The agency summed up its outlook with a cautiously upbeat tone: improved confidence, more oil on the market, and stronger policy coordination could carry growth to an average of 3.7% in the 2025–2028 period.

Wale Edun, Minister of Finance and Coordinating Minister of the Economy, welcomed the revision and promised to implement policies that will sustain the momentum.

“We will continue to implement well-coordinated policies that restore macroeconomic stability, attract investment, and create opportunities for our citizens. The confidence shown by global ratings agencies strengthens our resolve to deliver a stronger, more dynamic, and more prosperous Nigerian economy,” he said.

The latest revision now marks the most encouraging signal from S&P since before Nigeria’s two recessions in the last decade. It shows growing belief that the country’s reforms — long avoided — are beginning to deliver early macroeconomic gains that global markets can measure.