OpenAI has struck a sweeping deal with Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) that could see Sam Altman’s company acquire up to a 10% ownership stake in the chipmaker, marking one of the most significant GPU supply and equity partnerships in the artificial intelligence industry to date.

AMD shares soared more than 30% on Monday following the announcement, underscoring investor enthusiasm over the agreement’s potential to reshape the competitive landscape in AI hardware.

Under the deal, OpenAI will deploy 6 gigawatts of AMD’s Instinct graphics processing units (GPUs) over multiple years and across successive hardware generations. The rollout will begin with an initial 1-gigawatt phase in the second half of 2026.

“We have to do this,” OpenAI President Greg Brockman told CNBC’s Squawk on the Street. “This is so core to our mission if we really want to be able to scale to reach all of humanity, this is what we have to do.”

Brockman added that OpenAI’s product roadmap is already constrained by limited computing capacity, saying the shortage has delayed the release of revenue-generating features in ChatGPT and other offerings.

The Structure of the Deal

As part of the partnership, AMD has issued OpenAI a warrant for up to 160 million shares of AMD common stock, with vesting milestones tied to deployment volumes and AMD’s share price. The first tranche will vest once the initial 1-gigawatt deployment is complete, with subsequent tranches unlocking as OpenAI scales up to 6 gigawatts and achieves defined technical and commercial milestones.

If fully exercised, the warrant would give OpenAI roughly a 10% stake in AMD, based on the company’s current number of outstanding shares. While OpenAI described the deal as being worth “billions,” it declined to disclose the exact value.

AMD CEO Lisa Su told CNBC that the agreement reflects AI’s long-term growth trajectory, adding that “at the end of the day, you need the foundational compute to do that.” She said the partnership would bring together key players in the ecosystem “to ensure that we can really get the best technologies out there.”

Broader AI Infrastructure Push

The deal strengthens AMD’s standing in the high-performance GPU market, where it has long trailed Nvidia. For AMD, winning OpenAI as a flagship customer represents a major validation of its Instinct chip architecture and an entry into the most ambitious AI infrastructure buildout underway anywhere in the world.

The move comes less than two weeks after OpenAI unveiled a separate $100 billion equity-and-supply deal with Nvidia, under which the chipmaker took a stake in OpenAI while agreeing to supply a dedicated 10-gigawatt portion of the company’s 23-gigawatt infrastructure roadmap. Together, the Nvidia and AMD arrangements represent an estimated $1 trillion in new buildout spending commitments by OpenAI.

Shares of Nvidia slipped about 1% on Monday following the AMD announcement, as investors weighed the competitive implications.

OpenAI is also in active talks with Broadcom to develop custom chips for its next generation of models, further diversifying its hardware supply chain and reducing reliance on a single vendor. Oracle, meanwhile, continues to play a central role in building out OpenAI’s data center sites.

A Circular AI Economy

The OpenAI-AMD partnership adds to what analysts describe as the increasingly circular nature of the AI economy — where capital, compute, and equity are intertwined among a handful of dominant players. Nvidia is supplying chips and capital. Oracle is building sites. AMD and Broadcom are providing an alternative supply. And OpenAI, through its massive infrastructure projects, anchors the demand.

This closed-loop structure, while efficient, also raises systemic risks. Analysts warn that disruptions in any part of the chain — from chip production delays to financing bottlenecks — could trigger ripple effects across the broader AI ecosystem.

For AMD, the partnership signals a major commercial milestone after years of lagging behind Nvidia in the AI accelerator race. The deal places AMD squarely in the center of AI’s next wave of data infrastructure expansion and gives the company a clear validation from one of the sector’s most influential players.

“This creates a true win-win — enabling the world’s most ambitious AI buildout and advancing the entire AI ecosystem,” Su said.

For OpenAI, the agreement reinforces its transition from a software and model developer into a full-scale infrastructure player. Under its “Stargate” initiative, the company is building massive computing facilities across the United States. Its first site in Abilene, Texas, is already operational with Nvidia chips, while new sites in New Mexico, Ohio, and the Midwest will include AMD hardware as part of the supply mix.

As Google pushes ahead with its new “Android Developer Verifier,” the company insists that sideloading — one of Android’s most cherished freedoms — is not going away. But with every new disclosure, that assurance feels increasingly hollow.

According to Ars Tecnica, the upcoming Android 16 release will introduce a verification system that critics say could consolidate Google’s control over app distribution, tighten its grip on developers, and threaten the open nature of Android itself.

At the center of the change is a new system requirement: every app installed outside Google Play must now have a registered package name and signing key verified through Google’s servers. The process, which relies on a cloud-based database rather than local verification, effectively makes internet access mandatory for many sideloaded installations. While Google promises a limited offline cache for the most common apps, less popular or niche applications will require a connection — a move that some developers warn could “break” open-source storefronts like F-Droid that thrive on independence from Google’s ecosystem.

Google insists that this is about security. The company says the verification process is designed to prevent malware and “apps with a high degree of harm,” not to police content or enforce Play Store-style rules. Still, the implications go beyond cybersecurity. The new system requires that all apps distributed outside Play — including those from alternative app stores — be verified by Google, a process that will cost developers a $25 fee. That’s the same as the Play registration charge, and Google says it covers administrative expenses. But to independent developers, it represents something else: a paywall to openness.

Even hobbyists and students, who can register through a free “lite” tier, face restrictions. Google has not clarified how many installations will be permitted under this limited-access tier, but the company’s guidance “strongly encourages” developers to opt for the paid, full verification, raising concerns that the free option could quickly become impractical.

Security or Strategy?

While Google frames the change as a necessary evolution of Android security, many in the developer community see it as an attempt to reassert dominance at a time when its control over app distribution faces legal and market challenges. The company recently lost a major antitrust case in the United States, where courts found it had acted illegally to maintain a monopoly in the Play Store. Regulators accused Google of intentionally limiting the visibility and viability of rival app stores and sideloading options.

Now, just as the fallout from that ruling threatens to empower alternative platforms, Google is implementing a verification process that places sideloading — once a symbol of Android’s openness — squarely back under its supervision. Developers and digital rights advocates argue that it’s a preemptive move designed to “secure” Google’s place as Android’s gatekeeper.

A Question of Trust

Developers are also worried about what happens to the data Google collects. Under the new system, every verified developer must provide personal information to Google. While this information won’t be made public, it will exist in Google’s internal databases — and could be accessed by governments or law enforcement through subpoenas.

This concern isn’t abstract. The U.S. government under President Donald Trump has already pressured app platforms to remove applications deemed subversive or politically problematic. One example was ICEBlock, an app that helped users track immigration enforcement activities before it was pulled from Apple’s App Store. Critics fear that under Google’s centralized verification system, the same could easily happen on Android, with developers’ identities fully exposed and their apps blocked remotely.

Cloud Reliance and Market Consequences

There’s also a technical shift at play. Unlike traditional sideloading, which allowed users to install apps directly via APKs, the new model ties installations to Google’s cloud infrastructure. This dependency not only makes the process slower and more restrictive but could also disadvantage alternative app stores, particularly in regions with poor connectivity or censorship concerns.

Some analysts warn that these changes could reshape the global mobile software market in ways reminiscent of Apple’s tightly controlled iOS ecosystem. With the Android Developer Verifier, Google may be closing the gap between Android’s open-source promise and Apple’s walled garden — just from the opposite direction.

It is believed that the tech giant is effectively rewriting the Android social contract, making what was once a platform of user choice a managed ecosystem.

The timing of Google’s move has also stirred concern. Since 2020, the company has faced growing antitrust scrutiny in the U.S. and Europe over Play Store fees and app restrictions. The Epic Games lawsuit, along with state-led antitrust suits, exposed internal communications showing Google’s efforts to discourage developers from bypassing its payment systems. These revelations painted a picture of a company deeply concerned about losing its lucrative app revenue streams — a fear that critics believe is driving the new verification policy.

Developers have not forgotten how Google used similar “security” justifications in the past to limit features or kill third-party tools, including ad-blockers and alternative app launchers. Recent Chrome security updates, for example, made it harder to run extensions that block ads — coincidentally boosting Google’s advertising reach.

Where Does it Go From Here?

As Android 16 nears release, the industry finds itself at a crossroads. On paper, Google’s verification program promises a safer Android experience. In practice, it risks entrenching Google’s dominance over how users install software and who can develop it.

If history is any guide, once the company gains new layers of control, it rarely gives them up. Developers are bracing for a future where every installation, every verification, and every developer identity runs through a Google checkpoint.

That future — where sideloading still technically exists but is no longer truly free — could reshape not just Android, but the entire mobile software industry.

Chinese electric carmaker BYD has reported a stunning 880% year-on-year growth in U.K. sales, marking one of the most aggressive expansions by a Chinese automaker in Europe at a time when U.S. restrictions continue to block Beijing’s EV and autonomous-driving ambitions from entering the American market.

According to Reuters, the company sold 11,271 cars in the U.K. last month, bringing its total for the year to just over 35,000 vehicles, making Britain its largest market outside China. That figure translates into a 2.2% market share year-to-date. Once a mobile phone manufacturer, BYD has reinvented itself into a dominant global EV player known for its affordability — with models like the BYD Dolphin starting at just over £26,000 ($34,913), compared to Tesla’s Model 3 priced around £40,000.

The company said its hybrid SEAL U DM-i and electric SEALION 7 were the best performers in the U.K., while its newly opened battery facility in the country is helping service electric buses — a segment in which BYD already holds a commanding presence across Europe.

The U.K.’s EV market itself has seen renewed momentum after the government reintroduced an electric car grant in July, pushing September’s battery-electric sales up 29.1% year-on-year to 72,779 units, according to the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders. Notably, the grant excluded Chinese EVs, underscoring a growing European tension over Beijing’s dominance in the electric and autonomous vehicle sector.

However, BYD’s European performance remains striking. Sales across the continent were up over 200% year-on-year as of August, according to the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA), outpacing Tesla, whose European sales slumped over 36% in the same period. However, BYD last week recorded its first year-on-year decline in global deliveries in 2025, with a nearly 6% drop, signaling that domestic competition in China’s overcrowded market may be beginning to weigh on exports.

BYD’s stock fell 1.3% in Hong Kong trading on Monday.

While BYD continues to gain ground in Europe, its access to the U.S. market remains effectively sealed off under Washington’s trade and national-security restrictions. That has pushed a wave of Chinese EV and autonomous driving technology firms — including QCraft, Momenta, DeepRoute.ai, and WeRide — to establish a strong foothold in Europe. Many are setting up headquarters, striking partnerships with automakers, and testing self-driving systems on European roads.

Executives at several of these companies say Europe offers a far more open regulatory environment compared to the U.S., where national security concerns have led to sweeping restrictions on Chinese connected-car technology.

“We’re focusing on Europe for our global future,” said Dong Li, chief technology officer of QCraft, which recently announced a new German headquarters. “There are barriers in the U.S. market,” he added, referring to data collection concerns that have made Washington wary of Chinese AI and automotive systems.

Momenta, one of China’s leading autonomous driving developers, has already partnered with Uber to begin testing Level-4 technology in Germany next year. The company also supplies driver-assistance systems to Toyota and General Motors and recently announced a deal with Mercedes-Benz to equip its electric CLA sedan with the same technology in China, now under testing in Europe as well.

Deeproute.ai and WeRide are pursuing similar expansion paths, developing high-level autonomous systems for automakers in both Asia and Europe. Analysts at research firm AlixPartners say these companies are replicating the same growth strategy that made Chinese EV makers formidable global competitors — undercutting rivals on cost and accelerating innovation cycles.

“Investors expect growth,” said Yvette Zhang, an automotive consultant with AlixPartners. “They are looking for other markets to grow.”

European startups, meanwhile, are torn between protectionism and open-market collaboration. While some executives have called for tighter oversight and subsidies to protect domestic industries, others — like Wayve CEO Alex Kendall — believe competition from China will drive innovation.

“Even if you’re in some subset of the world, there’s acres of space to grow,” Kendall said.

European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen recently acknowledged that the continent is trailing both the U.S. and China in autonomous vehicle development, urging member states to unify regulatory frameworks. Germany and Britain remain the only major European markets allowing limited Level-3 or Level-4 testing, as Brussels moves to harmonize fragmented national rules.

Berlin-based startup Vay, which is testing remote-driven car services, believes Chinese competition could accelerate this effort.

“It will force European players to sharpen their strategies very quickly,” said Fabrizio Scelsi, Vay’s co-founder.

For Beijing, Europe has become the centerpiece of its automotive global strategy — a crucial counterweight to U.S. restrictions. As Tu Le of Sino Auto Insights put it, “Europe is the only market they can come to. They have to make their move.”