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Home Blog Page 3773

Canto to migrate into a ZK-powered Layer 2 on Ethereum

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Canto, a decentralized social media platform, has announced its plans to migrate into a ZK-powered Layer 2 on Ethereum. This move will enable Canto to scale its operations, reduce gas fees, and enhance user privacy. Canto is a platform that allows users to create, share, and monetize content in a censorship-resistant way. Canto aims to empower creators and communities with the tools and incentives to build a more open and diverse internet.

However, Canto has faced some challenges due to the limitations of the Ethereum mainnet, such as high transaction costs, low throughput, and exposure of user data. To overcome these issues, Canto has decided to leverage the power of zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) and Layer 2 solutions.

One of the main challenges that Canto faces is how to achieve high throughput and low latency without compromising on security and decentralization. To address this challenge, Canto is exploring the use of zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) as a way to enhance its layer 2 solution.

ZKPs are cryptographic techniques that allow one party to prove to another that a statement is true, without revealing any information beyond the validity of the statement. For example, Alice can prove to Bob that she knows the password to a website, without revealing the password itself. ZKPs have many applications in blockchain, such as privacy, identity, compliance and scalability.

Canto’s layer 2 solution is based on optimistic rollups, which are a type of off-chain computation that aggregates transactions into batches and periodically submits them to the main chain. Optimistic rollups rely on fraud proofs, which are mechanisms that allow anyone to challenge an invalid batch and revert it. However, fraud proofs have some drawbacks, such as requiring a long confirmation time, consuming a lot of gas and depending on honest validators.

By adopting ZKPs, Canto hopes to overcome these drawbacks and improve its layer 2 solution. ZKPs can enable a different type of rollup, called zk-rollup, which uses validity proofs instead of fraud proofs. Validity proofs are proofs that verify the correctness of each batch before submitting it to the main chain. This way, no one can submit an invalid batch, and no one needs to challenge it. ZK-rollups have several advantages over optimistic rollups, such as faster finality, lower gas costs and higher security.

Canto has chosen to migrate into a ZK-powered Layer 2 on Ethereum, which means that it will use a specific type of Layer 2 solution that relies on ZKPs for scalability and security. By doing so, Canto will be able to:

Increase its transaction speed and capacity by orders of magnitude.

Reduce its gas fees by up to 99%.

Enhance its user privacy by hiding their identities and activities.

Maintain its compatibility and interoperability with the Ethereum ecosystem.

Canto is currently working on integrating ZKPs into its layer 2 solution and plans to launch a testnet soon. Canto believes that ZKPs are the future of blockchain scalability and wants to be at the forefront of this innovation. By adopting ZKPs, Canto aims to provide its users with a fast, cheap and secure platform for building and running decentralized applications.

Canto believes that this migration will benefit its users and partners, as well as the broader crypto community. Canto hopes that by adopting a ZK-powered Layer 2 on Ethereum, it will set an example for other decentralized applications to follow suit and contribute to the development and adoption of this innovative technology.

Why Traditional Lending May Not Be the Best Option for Most Firms

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Two african young women sitting in a car while have road travel

We had a recent post about alternate funding options available to businesses. I looked through the comment section to see some comments about how banks and financial institutions complicate the lending process. Well, this piece today is to tell you that a traditional loan from a bank may not be the best option for your business (depending on what business you have and what stage you are in).

Traditional lending has long been the go-to option for businesses seeking financial support. Banks and credit unions have historically played a pivotal role in fueling economic growth by extending loans to businesses of all sizes. However, in today’s rapidly evolving financial landscape, this traditional lending has limitations and drawbacks.

Lengthy Approval Processes

One of the most significant drawbacks of traditional lending is the lengthy approval process. Applying for a business loan from a bank or credit union often involves mountains of paperwork, complex documentation requirements, and weeks or even months of waiting. If you are starting a small business and need quick capital infusion, this can be a deal-breaker.

In contrast, alternative financing options such as online lenders and crowdfunding platforms offer quicker approval times, allowing businesses to access funds when needed.

Stringent Credit Requirements

Banks typically have stringent credit requirements, making it difficult for businesses with less-than-perfect credit histories to secure loans. This can be particularly challenging for startups or small businesses still establishing credit profiles. Alternative lenders often use a broader range of criteria to evaluate your loan applicants, thus giving more businesses access to funding opportunities.

Collateral and Personal Guarantees

For many intending businesses or small business owners, this is the one reason to avoid traditional lending. Banks often require borrowers to put up collateral or personal guarantees to secure a loan. This can be a risky proposition for business owners who may have to risk their assets, such as their homes or savings, to obtain funding. Running a business involves some pressure, and having guarantors or collateral involved heightens the stake. Alternative funding options often provide unsecured loans or offer other forms of credit, eliminating the need for collateral and personal guarantees, which can be a more attractive option for many business owners.

Limited Flexibility

Traditional loans typically come with fixed terms and repayment schedules. It is not a pay-when-you-can or pay-when-you-make-a-profit arrangement. When it is time to pay, you must make the payment irrespective of whatever loss you may still be making. While this can provide predictability, it may not suit businesses with fluctuating cash flows or seasonal sales patterns. Alternative funding options often offer more flexibility in terms of repayment, allowing businesses to tailor loan terms to their unique needs.

Innovation and Technology

The world of finance is evolving rapidly, driven by technological advancements. Traditional banks are still lagging in adopting innovative technologies and digital lending platforms. This can result in a not-so-nice user experience for borrowers and slower processing times. Alternative lenders, on the other hand, often leverage cutting-edge technology to streamline the lending process, making it more efficient and convenient for businesses.

Limited Accessibility for Small Businesses

Large banks often prioritize larger businesses when it comes to lending. Small businesses may struggle to access the financing they need from traditional sources. If you doubt it, you can go to the bank for a loan to fund your small business and see how it goes. This can stifle innovation and growth in the small business sector. Many alternative lenders specialize in serving the needs of small businesses, providing them with greater access to funding opportunities.

Conclusion

Traditional lending options will save the day for some businesses, but not all. If you decide to go this route, do your analysis right and be sure that you are in the right kind of business to take it on. You should also be in the right stage of business to be sure that you will not run into uncertainties that would prevent you from repaying the loan. Also, do your calculations and ensure that you have a higher growth rate than the interest rate; otherwise, you might just be setting yourself up to fail.

If, however, you make all your considerations and decide that a bank loan is not for you at the moment, then consider alternative financing options. They are more accessible and flexible and might give you the leverage to push through. Also, the absence of stringent credit requirements or collateral demands places it within your reach. All you need is to have a proven business idea and conduct research as necessary.

What Did Max Weber Mean By Embracing “Verstehen” in the Analysis of Social Behaviours and Actions?

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Max Weber was a German classical sociologist who lived in the 20th Century. Max is one of the founding fathers of Sociology. He founded interpretive sociology as an alternative worldview to Positive Sociology. The interpretive sociology also developed to bridge the ideological difference between the consensus theory led by Emile Durkheim, August Comte etc and the Conflict theory led by Karl Marx and Fridrich Engel, etc.

Unlike its predecessor, Positive Sociology, where the social world is seen as a fact that is observable through scientific methods, Interpretive Sociology sees the social world as constantly being constructed and reconstructed through meanings that develop from the day-to-day actions and interactions of humans in society. Therefore, according to Interpretive Sociology, social phenomenon is to be understood based on three principles which include meaning, context and subjective reality.

It is believed that we experience Society subjectively because we give it meaning by the way we behave. In other words, we create and recreate our sense of the world on a daily basis. For instance, every time that we go to school, this behaviour helps to recreate the structure of education.

On the contrary, when we think of society as real or as something forcing us to act in certain ways, we are simply creating a convenient (fictional) explanation for our behaviours. Basically, society does not make anyone do anything. People do.

The sociological paradigm also presents knowledge as a social construction and is therefore relative based on context. For instance, one’s account of behaviour is just as reliable and as valid as anyone else’s account. Even though facts about behaviour can be established, they are always context-bound. That is why a particular construction or belief may not apply to all people at all times; they may not even apply to different people in the same situation.

Essentially, since the social world is interpreted differently by different people in different contexts, everything in the social world therefore is relative. Nothing can ever be held as wholly true or outright false. The best we can do is to describe reality from the perspective of those who define it or those whose behaviour we seek to understand. Therefore, according to Max Weber’s interpretive Sociology, Sociological understanding or analysis should be about understanding and appreciating how people as a group or culture define and interpret their social realities.

Max Weber used the German concept, Verstehen, which literally interprets in English as ‘’empathetic understanding’’ to describe how Interpretive Sociologists must seek to unearth the hidden meanings of human action or behaviours. In doing Verstehen two things are quite germane to uncover the hidden meaning of people’s behaviours. These include the non-verbal expressions and the motivations of people when they act or interact. Therefore, Max identified two types of Verstehen which are discussed as follows:

Observational Verstehen: Observational Verstehen entails analyzing body language or non-verbal communications such as facial expressions to uncover the motive of people’s behaviours.

Explanatory Verstehen: This is when behaviours or actions are analyzed in terms of the motivations of the people. This according to Max Weber is a more thorough and empathetic Verstehen.

Support and Criticism

Empathy which in the context of Interpretive Sociology is “Verstehen” has generally been accepted as an ideal type of knowledge and a more humane way of reaching an understanding even beyond the realm of Sociology. Some define empathy as the height of emotional intelligence.

However, the flip side of adopting verstehen or empathy in interpreting and understanding behaviours is that such endeavour is indeterminate. For example, people could lie about their true feelings or motivations, and many actions could follow from a given motive.

WAEC Set to Introduce CBT for Its Examinations

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The West African Examinations Council (WAEC) is concluding plans to fully digitalize the administration of its examinations.

The outgoing Head of National Office (HNO), WAEC, Mr Patrick Areghan disclosed this in an interview with the News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) on Saturday in Lagos.

According to Mr Areghan, the council had already concluded plans on conducting its examinations using the CBT platform which will start soon with the objective questions and  theory and practicals to follow shortly afterwards.

His words: ”We have already started something in terms of CBT examination. We have gone far with our planning and all of that, even in the sub region, the registrar to council is also doing something. But this is not as easy as some people will think. This is because we ask ourselves, how do we conduct CBT for practicals and essay papers?

“We can only readily do that in the case of objective questions. But so many people will not see it from that angle. They argue that some others are doing it, why can’t WAEC do same.

“Now, no one even talks about energy; how many schools are exposed to computer literacy? How many have computer facilities and how many have electricity to run these things?

“Even where you have all these things on ground, how do you handle the issue of theory and practical papers? So, these are the issues, but that is what I want the council to do in the very near future.

“We should be able to conduct CBT examinations, even if it means starting with the objective questions,” he said.

The WAEC boss noted that the council anticipate that some schools may not be ready for the CBT. Hence, the council will have to retain the paper mode for such schools.

“But you can still be sure that not all schools will be ready. Maybe we can have a segregated market. Those who cannot afford the CBT will go for the pencil and paper mode. So, I will like to see WAEC in that light,” he said.

Areghan said he would also like to see all the operations of the council fully digitalised in the near future, noting that almost every section of the council had been digitalised under his watch.

“I have almost digitalised everywhere now. Talk of certificate, checking of results and verification of results and more.
“I will live to see more massive deployment of technology so that the vision of council can change from just being a world class examination body to a technology-driven examination body.

“I also want WAEC to be more visible in the international stage. I want to see, through the cooperation of the sub region, how we can take WAEC overseas, that is, how Nigerian children in the diaspora can sit for WASSCE overseas.

“I also want to see its digital certificate that we have successfully launched in Nigeria replicated in the entire sub region, so that any candidate that has taken WASSCE, can be in any part of the world to access the digital certificate; that is a legacy.

Mr Arghen stated other significant milestones recorded in his administration which include establishment of the council’s Digital Security Printing Press and the introduction Staff Bus scheme to cushion the effect of high transportation fare on staff due to the fuel-subsidy removal.

Mr Arghen said he is counting on his successor to continue with the upward trajectory already set by his administration and even surpass his achievements.

Safaricom Increases Transaction Limit on M-Pesa to $1,697

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Kenyan Telecommunications giant Safaricom, had increased the per transaction limit on its mobile money platform M-Pesa, to Ksh 250,000 ($1,697).

The telco said the move will see the addition of a new transaction band of Ksh 151,000 to Ksh 250,000 for Send money, Lipa Na M-Pesa BuyGoods, Paybill and all other transactions.

Announcing the transaction increase, Safaricom CEO Peter Ndegwa said,

“We welcome the move by the Central Bank of Kenya to increase M-Pesa transaction limits to Ksh. 250,000. The increased transaction limits are a timely intervention as they will provide customers and businesses with additional convenience when doing business empowering them to do more from their phones”.

Safaricom’s increase in transaction limit, follows the approval by the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK), and comes on the heels of the previous approval for daily limit and M-Pesa limit increase of account limits to Ksh. 500,000 in August 2023.

M-Pesa has on several occasions increased its transaction limits, as the Fintech platform continues to play a crucial role in expanding financial inclusion in Kenya.

The Safaricom Fintech subsidiary has connected tens of millions of customers with access to financial services, contributing to a more than three-fold growth in formal financial inclusion across Africa. By increasing financial inclusion, M-Pesa has contributed to economic growth in Kenya, empowering individuals and small businesses to participate more fully in the economy.

The fintech has equally transformed the standard of living in Kenya, especially in rural areas, and empowered women with access to and control over their finances.

Beyond basic money transfer services, M-Pesa has introduced various financial products and services, including savings accounts, microlaons, bill payments and merchant transactions. This diversification has increased the utility of M-Pesa for users.

It has also played a pivotal role in empowering small businesses and entrepreneurs by facilitating transactions, improving cash flow, and enabling access to credit through products like M-Shwari.

Notably, M-Pesa has formed partnerships with banks, government agencies, utility providers, and businesses, enabling users to access a wide range of services, from paying bills and taxes to receiving government benefits.

Overall, the safaricom Fintech subsidiary has been a transformative force in Kenya, significantly expanding access to financial services and improving well-being of many Kenyan citizens.

It had transformed the way people manage their money and conduct financial transactions, making it an integral part of daily life for millions of Kenyans.

Also, it has significantly served as a model for mobile money services in other African countries, contributing to the global advancement of financial inclusion efforts.