On today’s episode of the Learning the law series, we’d be taking a glossary look at another landmark English case. The case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company. 

Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company is a seminal case in English contract law and remains an important case which shaped English law, especially the law of contract. This case distinguishes a valid offer from puffery in advertising and provides what forms a valid contract in law viz a viz a mere puffery.

In general, the Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company case held that an advertisement containing certain terms to get a reward constituted a binding unilateral offer that could be accepted by anyone who performed its terms.

Here are the facts of the case; 

In the years 1889-1890, there was an outbreak of flu and everyone was scrambling for a cure inorder not to get infected. The Carbolic Smoke Ball Company, a pharmaceutical company made a medical product which they called the “smoke ball” and claimed it to be the cure for flu and other diseases.

As a way of proving the authenticity of the smoke ball drug, the company advertised that anybody who purchased the drug and used it religiously as prescribed and the person who ends up contracting the flu will be rewarded with £100. The company claimed that they have in fact deposited the sum of £1000 with the bank to this effect as sincerity that they will fulfill the promise.

Mrs Louisa Elizabeth Carlill saw the advertisement, purchased the smoke balls and used it as prescribed for about two months but she ended up contracting the flu. She then sent a letter to the Carbolic Smoke Ball company demanding a £100 reward from them claiming that she had used the drug as judiciously as prescribed for straight two months but she still contracted the flu.

The Carbolic Smoke Ball Company ignored her letters which forced her to institute an action in court for the claim of the £100. In the defense of the company, the company claimed that the advertisement they made claiming to reward users £100 if their product fails is mere puffery which does not validly form a contract hence why Mrs Carlill cannot lay claims to the £100.

The Court held otherwise and unanimously rejected the company’s arguments and held that there was a fully binding contract for £100 between the Carbolic Smoke Ball Company and Mrs Louisa Elizabeth Carlill and since Mrs Carlill have fulfilled her part of the contract, the company must correspondingly fulfill their own part of the contract.

The court in their ratio decidendi submitted that;  the advertisement was not a unilateral invitation to treat to the whole world but an offer restricted to those who acted upon the terms contained in the advertisement; the satisfying conditions for using the smoke ball constitutes acceptance of the offer; the purchasing or merely using the smoke ball constitute good consideration; and the company’s claim that £1000 was deposited at the Alliance Bank showed the serious intention to be legally bound in the contract.

Therefore, this can be in every good conscience said to be a valid contract in law which after one party has fulfilled his or her obligation, the other party to the contract must fulfill his or her own side of the obligation so as not to be held for breach of contract.

Thus, once there is an offer, acceptance and a consideration, a contract is formed, and every party to that contract is bound by the terms of the contract.

Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1892] EWCA Civ 1

I particularly find the kidnap story of Akwa Okuko Tiwara Aki and how the event unfolded scintillating and at the same time hilarious.

Akwa Okuko Tiwara Aki is a celebrity native doctor based in Anambra state, an eastern state of Nigeria. He is a popular figure that decided to take his traditional practice to the mainstream, engaging in all sorts of advertisements and publicity to garner patrons, unlike his colleague that engages in such practice in secrecy. He was said to be successful, having amassed some amount of wealth through his practice.

About two weeks ago, his hotel was evaded and he was kidnapped by unknown gunmen, his armed security officers were shot and killed by the unknown gunmen while he was nabbed and led to an unknown destination.

His ardent followers decided to do damage control and started disseminating the disinformation that Akwa Okuku turned into a lion and scared his abductors away immediately after he was kidnapped, some news also claimed that Akwa Okuku disappeared when he was kidnapped and appeared back in his bedroom. None of that was true. Akwa Okuku was released a few days back after he had paid some undisclosed amount as a ransom for his freedom; in fact he held a press conference to that effect, and that is how we got to know that all the news that has been circulated by his followers about his disappearance or turning into a lion are all false.

The fact that a famous and powerful native doctor that others visit to collect power for protection couldn’t protect himself from being kidnapped is quite interesting, the fact that an acclaimed powerful native doctor has armed security men guarding him who lost their lives in the process of guarding him is as well an interesting point to ponder upon.

The fact that his followers would come up with some fake news claiming that their leader turned into a lion and scared his abductors away as a way of damage control so as to protect the genuineness of their leader was another interesting development.

To be fair to Akwa Okuku, he is not the only spiritual leader that goes around with armed security escorts; even self-acclaimed powerful “men of God” have bunches of armed security escorts, outside being escorted by armed officers, as a two-factor authentication, they also do ride in bulletproof cars; the same pastors that do give their members mantles; holy oils, holy water, handkerchiefs, banners for protection. This is to say that those spiritual tools can only protect the members but are not powerful enough to protect the pastor; the pastor needs armed security men to protect him and his immediate family members.

I wonder how long some religious believers will continue to take and swallow these deceptions from their spiritual leaders. You cannot go to a poor native doctor to seek wealth, he ought to have helped himself if he has the power to give wealth as he claims, or doesn’t he want to be wealthy as well?; it does not make any logical sense. You cannot be going to a pastor who is riding in bulletproof cars with armed security guards for prayers for protection and the list goes on.

Whatever you believe in, just make sure you believe with your sense so you don’t continue to fall prey to some fraudsters parading as religious or spiritual leaders looking for gullible followers to defraud.

In Sierra Leone, several senior military officers have been arrested on allegations that they’re planning to overthrow the newly-reelected government, The Sierra Leone Telegraph reports.

The development follows a wave of coups that have usurped leadership in six African countries recently.

The police said on Sunday that the senior military officers were among several people arrested and detained by the police, suspected of plotting to use a planned public protest next week “to launch violent attacks on state institutions and citizens”, according to the report.

The development is tied to Sierra Leone’s political instability, which has escalated following the June 24 2023 general elections that saw President Julius Maada Bio reelected.

“Preliminary investigations have revealed that these individuals planned to use purported peaceful protests between 7th and 10th August 2023, as a guise to unleash violent attacks against state institutions and peaceful citizens,” the police said in a statement at their headquarters on Monday but did not disclose the names of those arrested and the number of officers involved.

Like in other African countries where coups have been successfully carried out, the situation in Sierra Leone has been attributed to bad governance, corruption, and blatant rigging of elections.

The Telegraph reported about the strained relations between the State House and senior military officers in Sierra Leone. These officers are said to be expressing serious concern about the ongoing political crisis in the country, which was sparked by what international and local election observers deem as “rigged election results” announced by the Electoral Commission.

‘Per the report, President Bio was declared the winner of the presidential elections in June, but the actual disaggregated polling station results have been withheld from the public by the Chief Electoral Commissioner, Mohamed Konneh, leading to accusations of electoral fraud.

The main opposition APC party and the international community are urging for the release of all polling station results to ensure transparency and verify the legitimacy of the Bio-led government.

Sierra Leone is divided regionally and tribally, with these divisions permeating all aspects of public life, including the military and police. Senior officers are believed to be deeply dissatisfied with the political impasse resulting from the election fallout between the ruling SLPP, whose stronghold is in the southeast, and the main opposition APC from the northwest of the country.

The country’s economy is facing serious challenges, with a 49% inflation rate and youth unemployment rising year after year without any effective government response.

Foreign investors are becoming hesitant about investing in the country, following President Bio’s harsh measures against protesters, leading to over one hundred casualties.

Elected members of parliament, local councilors, and mayors representing the main opposition All People’s Congress (APC) party are boycotting all political involvement and engagement with the government, including abstaining from the country’s parliament, until all polling station results are published or a new chief electoral officer leads a re-run of the elections.’

The situation has culminated into paranoia, believed to have inspired coup premonition for President Bio. He was absent at the last ECOWAS leaders meeting held in Abuja last week, due to security concerns.

Niger is the latest African country whose leadership has been usurped by a military junta. Others include Mali, Chad, Guinea, Burkina Faso, and Sudan. Nearly all the coupists are citing the same things – bad leadership, corruption, and rigging of elections as reasons for their actions.

With most African countries having a system of governance tainted by the above-mentioned traits, more coups are expected in the continent. The supportive response of the citizens to military takeovers is believed to be an indication of a desperate wish for alternate leadership.

Many believe that the rigging, maiming, and killing that follow elections in Africa is in no way different from a coup, and democratic leadership in the continent has not yielded better results than military rule.