The Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), Mr. Olayemi Cardoso, on Tuesday declared that volatility in the foreign exchange (FX) market has significantly declined, dropping from over 4% a year ago to less than 0.5%, as monetary and fiscal reforms begin to take hold.
Addressing the press after the 300th Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) meeting in Abuja, Cardoso said the decline in FX volatility signals improving macroeconomic stability, restored investor confidence, and a rebound in external reserves.
According to him, these changes are a direct result of “policy consistency, orthodox monetary tightening, and enhanced transparency” by the apex bank.
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“If you look at the exchange rate, volatility has reduced from over 4% a year ago to less than half of 1% now. That’s an indication of stability,” Cardoso said, emphasizing that Nigeria’s currency depreciation has been relatively modest when compared to other emerging markets grappling with similar global shocks.
The CBN chief explained that liberalization of the FX market, unification of exchange rates, and reforms to boost FX supply had begun to yield results. In addition, he said that the synergy between monetary and fiscal authorities has contributed to the recent calm in the FX market, creating a more predictable environment for foreign investors and businesses.
Cardoso noted that the naira’s adjusted exchange rate had made it more competitive, with the potential to enhance Nigeria’s position in regional trade, particularly within ECOWAS. He also said local refineries, especially the Dangote Refinery, would soon help ease FX demand pressure by reducing the country’s need for imported refined fuel products.
Reserve Rebound and Remittance Push
Beyond exchange rate stability, Cardoso disclosed that Nigeria’s net external reserves have surged from just over $3 billion to around $23 billion in recent months—a development he described as a “quantum leap.”
According to the governor, the turnaround is a result of improved transparency in reserve reporting and reforms that brought back players who had previously stayed away from the FX market. The CBN has resumed the publication of both gross and net reserve figures, which Cardoso said was meant to “bolster confidence and reduce speculative behavior.”
The gross reserves, which hovered between $33–34 billion earlier in the year, are expected to rise further due to increased oil receipts, declining fuel import needs, and expanding non-oil export earnings, particularly gas.
On diaspora remittances, the CBN said it is targeting inflows of $1 billion monthly. The bank said reforms—such as digitization of remittance processes, improved KYC compliance, and closer collaboration with the Nigerian Inter-Bank Settlement System (NIBSS)—have already raised inflows from $200 million to over $600 million at peak levels.
Cardoso said banks are now expected to develop tailored products for Nigerians abroad, after the apex bank dismantled structural bottlenecks that previously constrained the flow of funds through formal channels.
Transparency or Window Dressing?
However, while Cardoso painted an optimistic picture of the FX market and the broader economy, not everyone is buying it, at least not without scrutiny. Concerns over data credibility from government institutions have continued to surface, casting doubt over the authenticity of the central bank’s claims.
Notably, respected economist and member of President Bola Tinubu’s Economic Advisory Council, Bismarck Rewane, recently pointed to “discrepancies” in data released by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS)—Nigeria’s chief data agency. Speaking on Monday about the state of Nigeria’s economy, Rewane warned that inconsistent and manipulated figures could erode public trust in economic governance.
“Are those numbers credible? If they aren’t, then what exactly are we seeing here? A distortion in methodology?,” Rewane queried. He did not accuse any particular agency of deliberate falsification but said the inconsistencies could lead to misinterpretation and flawed policy decisions.
While the CBN said it is now committed to greater transparency—publishing audited financial statements and reserve data regularly—there is growing skepticism in economic and civic circles that such efforts may be more cosmetic than institutional. Over the past year, multiple analysts and economists have expressed worry that a trend of data “massaging” may be evolving across federal agencies, especially as the government faces rising criticism over economic hardship.
“Let the Central Bank comply with sections 50 (1)(3) of the CBN Act and publish its annual financial statement, let us see if the net external reserves is actually $23.1bn. There are places where you don’t bring that slimy political propaganda to, and reserve management as one of the 5 pillars that forms the basis of Central Banking is an integral part, because it has a direct consequence on managing monetary policy,” economist, Kelvin Emmanuel, said last month in response to CBN’s claim that Nigeria’s FX reserves rose to $23 billion.
These suspicions are backed by the precedent set by the past administration. In the past, agencies such as the NBS, the Debt Management Office (DMO), and the Ministry of Finance have faced public backlash over statistics that either contradicted market realities or appeared misaligned with earlier releases.
Analysts say the credibility gap poses a major threat to Nigeria’s economic recovery, particularly in the FX market, where investor decisions hinge on reliable information.
“Net FX reserves came in line with expectations, but CBN’s commitment to improve quality of reserves shouldn’t be understated. While CBN didn’t publish detailed data of its short- and medium-term foreign liabilities, providing some insight into its net reserves is a significant step in the right direction,” JP Morgan said in 2023.
Institutional Reform Still Fragile
Cardoso admitted that the central bank is still undergoing a process of institutional reform, stressing that it should not be judged by the same yardsticks as commercial banks. He noted that the CBN moved from a loss of over N1 trillion in 2023 to a near breakeven position of N30 billion this year, a transition he said underscored the scale of internal restructuring.
He explained that the central bank is not a profit-making organization, making it primarily a custodian of monetary stability, whose performance should be measured against that mandate.
The CBN insists that it remains committed to its reform path. Cardoso reiterated that the apex bank will continue to tighten monetary policy, sustain FX reforms, and strengthen cooperation with fiscal authorities to anchor long-term macroeconomic stability.