What should be President Biden’s agenda for Africa? Sure, you can first ask me – what does Africa want to do for itself? But the fact is this, we have understood one thing – the world is more integrated than before, and a virus from Wuhan China could cause massive dislocations in New York and London within weeks. So, if Africa continues to fall behind, it could drag the world with it, even marginally.
Under President Trump, it was a frozen economic tenure for Africa as the US did not initiate any non-typical initiative under him. Contrast with Obama tenure which initiated the power Africa project, and which has resulted in a renewable energy revolution across the continent.
Personally, I would have suggested debt relief for Nigeria since it is very clear that Nigeria cannot make progress without one. With our debt servicing taking 80% of our total national revenue, this decade is already lost without someone writing off the debts. We now spend more on debts servicing than capital expenditure.
So, if Mr. Biden could help and push the world to help, that would be amazing. Of course, that may not be possible since America is largely printing more dollars daily – that party will continue under Biden – to jumpstart its battered main street economy.
So my question is this: what should be the U.S. priorities for Africa?
Comment #1: I generally agree with you Prof but on this topic related to Biden and indirectly to Trump’s policies ,I PARTLY disagree .
For Christ sake ,have we the African people ever seen those so called aids as our politicians embezzle everything before it reaches Africa ?? Also , have we ever seen a free aid ? There are always deadly
collaterals to pay later. My grand mother has never seen that so called power Africa project you mentioned . Which energy revolution when in Lagos there is constant light only in Banana island ?
How did China do to be able to pay all its debts ? China has worked ,simple. Please ,we have all the means to pay our debts but our politics are useless . You say the Nigerian debt should be cancelled ,lol has America own debt been cancelled ? America is heading to the hyperinflation of the century and you think they will be of any help to us ??? Since when has printing more bank notes ever helped rebuild any economy ?? America has reached the threshold for printing notes .Just watch what will happen
Let s stop dreaming please . Our future belongs to us ,not to Americans . We need international businesses with America and other nations ,not relief of debts or so called help .Biko ???
My Response: Just for the records, Obama did not actually give aids. Rather, we went through markets to support. I am not aware of any renewable energy project that is run by a government. He went through markets. On light in Lagos, Rome was not built in a day. The fastest growing energy domain in Africa remains solar. If you want one in your house, call Anergy, Daystar, etc.
Those are not offered by govt. The fact you have not means you are fine with grid. They are there but none comes from govt. Asking for debt relief does not mean that American companies cannot invest in Africa. Asking your creditors to refinance remains a part of business. Debt refinancing or structuring is part of commerce. Nigeria needs to begin that conversation as we have no future without one!
In our hardware business, he is the expert I consult, to manage the maze on global contracting. Because I respect military people, my defaults are their positions. That is natural if you are from Ovim (Abia state) where every clan has soldiers – really good ones.
He served the U.S. Army for more than 20 years. He rose to the position of the Director of Contracting Operations. People, that is more than a title: lives of men and women depend on you as they go out for battle. How do you ensure they have everything they need? Adebayo Adeleke FRSA, FCIPS, PMP is the godzilla of global contracting and zen-master of supply chain.
He teaches global contracting, peacetime and wartime, at Tekedia Institute Mini-MBA. Join us and learn how to win global markets http://school.tekedia.com/
(If you run a business with operations across continents, and you are dealing with the usual paralyses, connect with Bayo. He made us better)
Speaker Pelosi, Leader Schumer, Leader McConnell, Vice President Pence, and my distinguished guests, my fellow Americans, this is America’s day.
This is democracy’s day.
A day of history and hope, of renewal and resolve.
Through a Crucible for the ages, America has been tested anew and America has risen to the challenge.
Today, we celebrate the triumph not of a candidate, but of a cause.
The cause of democracy.
The people, the will of the people has been heard and the will of the people has been heeded.
We’ve learned again that democracy is precious.
Democracy is fragile.
And at this hour, my friends, democracy has prevailed.
So now, on this hallowed ground, where just a few days ago violence sought to shake the Capitol’s very foundation, we come together as one nation under God, indivisible, to carry out the peaceful transfer of power as we have for more than two centuries.
As we look ahead in our uniquely American way, restless, bold, optimistic and set our sights on the nation we know we can be and we must be.
I thank my predecessors of both parties for their presence here today.
I thank them from the bottom of my heart and I know–
And I know the resilience of our Constitution and the strength, the strength of our nation, as does President Carter who I spoke with last night who cannot be with us today but whom we salute for his lifetime of service.
I’ve just taken a sacred oath each of those patriots have taken.
The oath first sworn by George Washington.
But the American story depends not in any one of us, not on some of us, but on all of us.
On we, the people who seek a more perfect union.
This is a great nation. We are good people.
And over the centuries, through storm and strife, in peace and in war, we’ve come so far, but we still have far to go.
We’ll press forward with speed and urgency for we have much to do in this winter of peril and significant possibilities.
Much to repair, much to restore, much to heal, much to build, and much to gain.
Few people in our nation’s history have been more challenged or found a time more challenging or difficult than the time we are in now.
Once in a century virus that silently stalks the country has taken as many lives in one year as America lost in all of World War II.
Millions of jobs have been lost. Hundreds of thousands of businesses closed. A cry for racial justice some 400 years in the making moves us. The dream of justice for all will be deferred no longer.
The cry for survival comes from the planet itself.
A cry that can’t be any more desperate or any more clear.
And now a rise of political extremism, white supremacy, domestic terrorism that we must confront and we will defeat.
To overcome these challenges, to restore the soul and secure the future of America requires so much more than words.
It requires the most elusive of all things in a democracy.
Unity. Unity.
In another January, on New Year’s Day in 1863, Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation.
When he put pen to paper, the president said, and quote, “If my name ever goes down into history, it will be for this act and my whole soul is in it.”
My whole soul is in it.
Today on this January day, my whole soul is in this.
Bringing America together.
Uniting our people.
Uniting our nation.
And I ask every American to join me in this cause.
Uniting to fight the foes we face: anger, resentment, and hatred, extremism, lawlessness, violence, disease, joblessness and hopelessness.
With unity, we can do great things, important things.
We can right wrongs.
We can put people to work in good jobs. We can teach our children in safe schools. We can overcome the deadly virus.
We can reward–reward work and rebuild the middle class and make healthcare secure for all.
We can deliver racial justice, and we can make America once again the leading force for good in the world.
I know speaking of unity can sound to some like a foolish fantasy these days.
I know the forces that divide us are deep, and they are real, but I also know they are not new.
Our history has been a constant struggle between the American ideal that we are all created equal and the harsh, ugly reality that racism, nativism, fear, demonization have long torn us apart.
The battle is perennial, and victory is never assured.
Through Civil War, the Great Depression, world war, 9/11, through struggle, sacrifice, and setbacks, our better angels have always prevailed.
In each of these moments, enough of us, enough of us have come together to carry all of us forward, and we can do that now.
History, faith, and reason show the way, the way of unity.
We can see each other not as adversaries but as neighbors.
We can treat each other with dignity and respect.
We can join forces, stop the shouting, and lower the temperature.
For without unity, there is no peace, only bitterness and fury, no progress, only exhausting outrage; no nation, only a state of chaos.
This is our historic moment of crisis and challenge and unity is the path forward.
And we must meet this moment as the United States of America.
If we do that, I guarantee you we will not fail.
We have never ever ever ever failed in America when we have acted together, and so today at this time in this place, let’s start off fresh all of us.
Let’s begin to listen to one another again, hear one another, see one another, show respect to one another.
Politics doesn’t have to be a raging fire destroying everything in its path.
Every disagreement doesn’t have to be a cause for total war, and we must reject the culture in which facts themselves are manipulated and even manufactured.
My fellow Americans, we have to be different than this.
America has to be better than this, and I believe America is so much better than this.
Just look around here we stand in the shadow of the Capitol dome as was mentioned earlier completed amid the Civil War when the Union itself was literally hanging in the balance.
Yet we endured, we prevailed.
Here we stand, looking out on the great mall where Dr. King spoke of his dream.
Here we stand where 108 years ago, at another inaugural, thousands of protesters tried to block brave women marching for the right to vote, and today we mark the swearing-in of the first woman in American history elected to national office, Vice President Kamala Harris.
Don’t tell me things can’t change.
Here we stand across the Potomac from Arlington Cemetery where heroes who gave the last full measure of devotion rest in eternal peace, and here we stand just days after a riotous mob thought they could use violence to silence the will of the people, to stop the work of our democracy, to drive us from this sacred ground. It did not happen; it will never happen, not today, not tomorrow, not ever. Not ever.
To all of those who supported our campaign, I am humbled by the faith you have placed in us.
To all of those who did not support us, let me say this hear me out as we move forward, take a measure of me and my heart.
If you still disagree, so be it, that’s democracy, that’s America.
The right to dissent peaceably within the guardrails of our Republic is perhaps this nation’s greatest strength.
Yet hear me clearly disagreement must not lead to disunion, and I pledge this to you I will be a president for all Americans, all Americans.
And I promise you I will fight as hard for those who did not support me as for those who did.
Many centuries ago, St. Augustine, a saint in my church, wrote that a people was a multitude defined by the common objects of their love defined by the common objects of their love.
What are the common objects we as Americans love that define us as Americans? I think we know.
Opportunity, security, liberty, dignity, respect, honor, and yes, the truth.
In recent weeks and months have taught us a painful lesson.
There is truth and there are lies, lies told for power and for profit, and each of us has a duty and a responsibility as citizens, as Americans and especially as leaders, leaders who have pledged to honor our Constitution and protect our nation, to defend the truth and defeat the lies.
Look, I understand that many of my fellow Americans view the future with fear and trepidation. I understand they worry about their jobs.
I understand like my dad they lay at bed staring at the night — staring at the ceiling wondering can I keep my healthcare, can I pay my mortgage?
Thinking about their families, about what comes next.
I promise you I get it, but the answer is not to turn inward, to retreat into competing factions, distrusting those who don’t look like — look like you or worship the way you do or don’t get their news from the same source as you do.
We must end this uncivil war that pits red against blue, rural versus urban or rural versus urban, conservative versus liberal.
We can do this if we open our souls instead of hardening our hearts if we show a little tolerance and humility and if we are willing to stand in the other person’s shoes as my mom would say just for a moment stand in their shoes because here’s the thing about life, there’s no accounting for what fate will deal you.
Some days when you need a hand, there are other days when we are called to lend a hand.
That is how it has to be, and that is what we do for one another, and if we are this way, our country will be stronger, more prosperous, more ready for the future, and we can still disagree.
My fellow Americans in the work ahead of us, we are going to need each other.
We need all of our strength to preserve–to persevere through this dark winter.
We are entering what may be the toughest and deadliest period of the virus.
We must set aside politics and finally face this pandemic as one nation, one nation.
And I promise you that this as the Bible said weeping may endure for a night but joy cometh in the morning.
We will get through this together, together.
Look, folks, all of my colleagues I have served with in the House and the Senate up here, we all understand the world is watching, watching all of us today, so here is my message to those beyond our borders.
America has been tested and we’ve come out stronger for it.
We will repair our alliances and engage with the world once again, not to meet yesterday’s challenges but today’s and tomorrow’s challenges.
And we’ll lead not merely by the example of our power, by the power of our example.
We’ll be a strong and trusted partner for peace, progress, and security.
Look, you all know we’ve been through so much in this nation.
And in my first act as president, I’d like to ask you to join me in a moment of silent prayer, remember all those who we lost this past year to the pandemic, those 400,000 fellow Americans, moms, dads, husbands, wives, sons, daughters, friends, neighbors, and coworkers.
We will honor them by becoming the people in the nation we know we can and should be.
So, I ask you let’s say a silent prayer for those who’ve lost their lives and those left behind and for our country.
Amen.
Folks, this is a time of testing.
We face an attack on our democracy and on truth, a raging virus, growing inequity, the sting of systemic racism, a climate in crisis, America’s role in the world.
Any one of these would be enough to challenge us in profound ways, but the fact is we face them all at once, presenting this nation with a — one of the gravest responsibilities we had.
Now we’re going to be tested.
Are we going to step up, all of us?
It’s time for boldness for there is so much to do.
And this is certain.
I promise you we will be judged, you and I, by how we resolve these cascading crises of our era.
We will rise to the occasion is the question. Will we master this rare and difficult hour?
Will we meet our obligations and pass along a new and better world to our children?
I believe we must. I’m sure you do as well. I believe we will.
And when we do, we’ll write the next great chapter in the history of the United States of America, the American story, a story that might sound something like a song that means a lot to me.
It’s called American Anthem.
There’s one verse that stands out at least for me, and it goes like this.
“The work and prayers of century have brought us to this day. What shall be our legacy? What will our children say? Let me know in my heart when my days are through America, America, I gave my best to you.”
Let’s add — lets us add our own work and prayers to the unfolding story of our great nation.
If we do this, then when our days are through our children and our children’s children will say of us they gave their best.
They did their duty. They healed a broken land.
My fellow Americans, I close today where I began, with a sacred oath.
Before God and all of you, I give you my word I will always level with you.
I will defend the Constitution. I’ll defend our democracy. I’ll defend America.
And I will give all, all of you, keep everything you–I do in your service, thinking not of power but of possibilities, not of personal interest but the public good.
And together, we shall write an American story of hope, not fear; of unity, not division; of light, not darkness; a story of decency and dignity, love and healing, greatness and goodness.
May this be the story that guides us, the story that inspires us, and the story that tells ages yet to come that we answered the call of history.
We met the moment. Democracy and hope, truth and justice did not die on our watch but thrived, that America secured liberty at home and stood once again is a beacon to the world.
That is what we owe our forbearers, one another, and generation to follow.
So, with purpose and result, we turn to those tasks of our time, sustained by faith, driven by conviction, devoted to one another in the country we love with all our hearts.
May God bless America and may God protect our troops.
“The Igbo apprenticeship system has been cited as the biggest business incubator in the world and the Southeast is the birthplace of Nollywood; our film industry which has achieved global renown on the strength of the creativity and imagination of young Nigerians.” Prof Yemi Osinbajo, Vice President of Nigeria.
What did Nigeria do in the 1990s? We invented a new age of banking when the finest banking institutions in the land were minted. We created Nollywood. And even in sports, we reached new heights, in Olympics, football, etc. The fact is this: former military dictator, IBB, if not that he was a military man, would have been one of the finest leaders in Nigeria.
He built a new city (Abuja), opened new sectors, but unfortunately he also made unforgivable mistakes: public sector corruption flourished under him with impunity of the state.
Meanwhile, Joe Biden is now the President of the United States. He is #46.
So, after these nice words from the Vice President, what next? I think we should grow past these niceties and transition to getting things done; enough of empty words.
If we are no longer minting and birthing great companies, why is that the case and how did we lose track? Did we stop thinking or deliberately become lazy, to the point of being pathetic in our deliverables?
It should be easier to mint high value companies in this era, giving the plethora of knowledge bases and digital tools at our disposal, so if we are still subpar, then we are the problem.
The earliest examples of currency collapse come from the Roman Empire. ‘At the beginning of the Roman Empire around 1 CE, the Denarius was made of pure silver. Fifty-four years later, the content of silver declined to 94 percent. By 100 CE, silver made up 85 percent of the coin. In 218 CE, the share of silver fell to 43 percent. In 244 CE, just 0.05 percent of the Denarius contained silver. By the time of the Roman collapse, the number fell to 0.02 percent.
The first ever official currency is believed to have been minted around 600 B.C.in the kingdom of Lydia which at its height controlled the whole of the Anatolian Peninsula and about 85% of modern day Turkey. The coins were made from electrum, a naturally occurring mixture of silver and gold.
As nations and empires rose and fell in merchant stature, so too did the street value of their currency. Gaps arose between the trading value of one nations currency relative to another. This created cross-border variances between the metal value in minted coins and the value of sovereign currency units in the marketplace.
This led to opportunist individuals profiting from cross border acquisition of coinage in nations experiencing relative depression, melting it, casting the precious metal content in bars and selling it at a profit to treasury officials in a country which was more fiscally buoyant. Sometimes these expeditions became state sponsored.
Centuries later, a similar ploy has been adopted in equity markets – what is known as a ‘Hostile Takeover’. When a company’s share value has fallen so low that traded equity is priced well below a company’s intrinsic value, a type of SPAC (Special Purpose Acquisition Company) or Private Equity firm will swoop into the market, buying all the equity, suspending trading, and will then delist (re-privatize) the company.
Indeed, ‘asset stripping’ was happening to nations hundreds if not thousands of years before it was a phenomenon for listed companies.
This led to nations withdrawing all precious metals from circulation, and storing it in a national treasury. The nation would then circulate coins minted in 100% low value, high durability metal. This was the start of the ‘Gold Standard’ where physical currency in circulation did not have the intrinsic value itself, but was notionally linked to a representative proportion of the value of treasury content.
XRP on the slide towards the end of 2020
This also gave rise to the incarnation of the ‘Bank Note’.
The oldest surviving banknotes are examples of the “Da Ming tongxing baochao” (Great Ming Circulating Treasure Note), which were first printed during the reign of the Hongwu Emperor (1368–1398); China.
Banknotes began in the global era of ‘Absolute Monarchy’ and typically contained a phrase roughly equivalent to ‘I promise to pay the bearer the sum of <denomination>’ in the nations official language. This meant the note was an ‘instrument’ which had a claim on a representative proportion of treasury content. It usually had an illustration of the Monarch or Emperor, and a printed facsimile of their signature. Notes evolved over time to reflect the evolution of sovereign nations and to combat counterfeiting challenges. In modern times, many banknotes carry the signature of one or more leading officers of the nation’s Central Bank.
The oldest banknote
Banknotes in ‘The Americas’ are thought to have been first operated as ‘promissory notes’ issued by colonial merchant bankers that were the pioneers in ‘investment and loan’ business in the ‘new world’, rather than sovereign states.
The ‘Gold Standard’ has been dropped by many modern democracies and instead replaced with a notional concept of sovereign net worth with the ‘guarantee of value’ being a claim on the government of the day.
With no easily measurable link between actual value backed by assets, it may be perceived the currency value would disintegrate, but in practice, the currency of some of the nations that dropped the Gold Standard have some of the most stable currencies in the world, case in point, the British Pound. There therefore has to be something else, perhaps the sentiment around governance that is perceived as stable, and survived a political evolution process over hundreds of years.
And here we come to Cryptocurrency. The most successful and highly valued cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, not only doesn’t have an asset backing, it doesn’t have a sovereign authority offering any guarantees either. It’s perceived value is in the security of its block chain architecture, and the fluidity with which it can move globally, particularly through nations without a ‘hard currency’ i.e. there is a divergence of the value of their ‘flat money’ issued by their Central Bank, between ‘official’ and ‘parallel’ (or sometimes called black) markets.
Over 11 % of Nigeria’s Internet subscribers are involved in crypto, Nigeria has been ranked 5th in the world by Arcade Research.
Several cryptocurrencies have seen an overall appreciation in value over time, the question though, is will continued appreciation prove inevitable?
There are risk factors which suggest this may be less likely for the future
Mining becoming easier, quicker and more automated.
Cryptocurrency is considered more efficient and cost effective compared to flat money sovereign currencies to manage because of its virtual nature, and, in some cases, a peer support community. In the case of Bitcoin for example, this community includes ‘miners’ who perform complex calculations adding transaction records to Bitcoin’s public ledger of past transactions or blockchain. There are outcomes which provide bitcoin reward.
However, as we move towards increasingly more mass computing power, and even the possibility of power approaching that of quantum computing becoming affordable for single individuals, these calculations will become increasingly more easily and more simply done, industrializing new coin generation. This may change the value of cryptocurrencies on the bitcoin model in the same way Henry Ford’s ‘Model T’ changed affordability of automobiles forever. The only limiter would be transaction availability.
The spectre of spread betting.
Online spread betting platforms permit gambling on the changing value of different instruments such as equities, commodities or currencies in relation to a currency of choice without owning or investing in them.
The value of any instrument can change as a result of market reaction to new information. How this information is received is called ‘sentiment’. Sentiment can often be subjective. For the first time, spread betting offered the opportunity to gamble on the relative value of an instrument going down.
The availability of spread betting introduced for the first time, the possibility to profit from negative sentiment. Speculators could make money from bear as well as bull markets.
Currently spread betting on a cryptocurrency is in its infancy, so the incentive for self proclaimed pundits is weighted in favour of talking up rather than talking down a specific cryptocurrency. This means on balance, more positive rather than negative sentiment is generated. The noise in cryptocurrency discussion fora is an up-talk echo chamber speaking alternative truths. Should spread ‘down’ betting take hold as it has for other instruments, this may change forever.
No ‘stablity’ formula for a new crypto product.
Some cryptocurrencies have been released with asset backing, but there doesn’t seem to be any predictable association between its success potential and the nature of its asset security.
Venezuela launched an ‘oil reserve backed’ cryptocurrency, the ‘petro’ in 2018 as a way out of US economic sanctions on Venezuela. However, subsequent developments have revealed that the cryptocurrency is still to gain mainstream and international traction.
‘Not all cryptocurrencies have a coin that has a clear-cut use or enhances the value of its underlying blockchain. This is why valuing cryptocurrencies often proves difficult.’ – The Motley Fool
‘Because cryptocurrencies are largely unstable, a person holding them can be very rich while suffering huge losses.’ – Cryptonerds
Then came the shock. On the 26th of last month, four key Crypto Platforms: Bitstamp, OSL, Beaxy Exchange and CrossTower, all dropped support of XRP, at the time, the 4th leading cryptocurrency in the world
Two days later, Paul Grewal, Chief Legal Officer announced:
‘In light of the SEC’s lawsuit against Ripple Labs, Inc, we have made the decision to suspend the XRP trading pairs on our platform. Trading will move into limit only starting December 28, 2020 at 2:30 PM PST, and will be fully suspended on Tuesday, January 19, 2021 at 10 a.m. Pacific Standard Time
How a Bitcoin is minted [illustration]
So what is a sensible approach to crypto moving forward?
Well when cryptocurrency debuted, pundits heralded that currency as we know it, would never be the same again. I am not convinced crypto is giving flat sovereign currency the nudge just yet.
The first cryptocurrency Bitcoin started as a business in 2008, though transactions didn’t start in any real sense until 2010 and rival crypto didn’t appear until the next year. So what we are seeing is the 4th leading cryptocurrency crash and burn only ten years into the availability of this relatively new instrument type.
You have to go all the way back to the 1940’s to the ‘fall of the Third Reich’ to the then German Mark, to find a flat sovereign currency of comparable stature that experienced such melt down.
XRP however, cannot excuse its guardians demise, by way of a collapse of a sovereign empire or the loss of a world war!
So does this mean we should revise our approach to crypto to the point of treating it like the plague? No!
The first Bitcoin was created through the blockchain architecture with the aim to eliminate intermediaries and avoid unnecessary transactional charges.
‘The root problem with conventional currencies is all the trust that’s required to make it work. The central bank must be trusted not to debase the currency, but the history of flat currencies is full of breaches of that trust – Satoshi Nakamoto (Bitcoin Founder)
Cryptocurrency was created as a ‘transactional’ tool. It ignores sovereign boundaries, the nature of flat sovereign currencies and exhibits immunity to trade and value exchange barriers of many political regimes.
The main purpose of a commercial endeavour is to generate profit from its activities. It makes sense to make revenue collection as simple and easy as possible, and part of that is by broadening remittance options for customers and patrons. While businesses can adopt their own policy on liquid asset management, the potential for loss resulting from instrument depreciation in short transactional windows is extremely low.
Especially in any business where the profit component of unit revenue builds at scale, [as sales volume tends to infinity, unit service cost tends to zero], such as online network services, online content access services, platform access virtual products, etc; even for that matter, the services of Tekedia Institute – the adoption of such additional virtual payment media is a no brainer.
Cryptocurrency – Use as a transactional tool liberally and enthusiastically. As an investment tool or speculative tool ? The jury is still out!
Citations, referenced articles and additional reading:
visiontimes.com – A history of flat currency and why we need to be worried. https://tinyurl.com/y2hcwgqr
blockchain.info – The fall of XRP crypto-token https://tinyurl.com/y5jfqf7d
McKinsey – The six types of successful acquisitions https://tinyurl.com/ybpmxs45
Investopedia.com – roots of money https://tinyurl.com/c483nja
Wikipedia – Asset stripping. https://tinyurl.com/y5xgtvor
Guinness World Records – The oldest banknote https://tinyurl.com/yxmdxoqf
Motley Fool – Cryptocurrencies explained in plain English https://tinyurl.com/yyvnazd4
CryptoNerds – What is cryptocurrency backed by? https://tinyurl.com/y36px89h
Venezuela launches Ethereum-based cryptocurrency called Petro https://youtu.be/r5PSWvaIJ6g
Investopedia.com – Hard Currency https://tinyurl.com/yxkdahkk
The rise and rise of Bitcoin – https://youtu.be/qk4gZrBR9CU
African Crypto News – Cryptocurrency in Nigeria https://tinyurl.com/y69uvsdf
