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Trump Administration Bans New Chinese Robots, Power Inverters in Bid To Secure U.S. AI Supply Chain

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The Trump administration has moved to tighten restrictions on Chinese technology entering the United States, announcing new bans on imports of certain Chinese-made robots and power inverters as Washington seeks to protect the country’s artificial intelligence infrastructure, strengthen domestic manufacturing and reduce reliance on Chinese supply chains.

The new measures, announced Tuesday by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), prohibit the import and authorization of new models of Chinese humanoid robots, quadruped robots and connected power inverters, citing national security, cybersecurity and supply chain concerns.

The restrictions, reported first by Reuters, took effect immediately upon publication and apply to products that have not yet been approved for sale in the United States. The FCC also retains the authority to revoke authorizations for products that have already been cleared if it determines they pose national security risks.

The move marks another escalation in the technology rivalry between the United States and China as Washington broadens its efforts beyond semiconductors to include emerging AI hardware and critical infrastructure equipment.

In a statement, the FCC said the targeted devices could expose the United States to supply chain disruptions and cyber threats.

“These devices could create supply chain vulnerabilities that could disrupt U.S. economic and national security and could create a cybersecurity risk that threatened American critical infrastructure,” the agency said.

FCC Chairman Brendan Carr added: “The FCC will continue to do our part to secure America’s critical supply chains.”

The restrictions are aimed at sectors expected to play central roles in the next phase of artificial intelligence development.

Humanoid and quadruped robots are seen as major growth markets as companies integrate AI models into industrial automation, logistics, manufacturing and consumer applications. Power inverters, meanwhile, are critical components that allow renewable energy systems and battery storage to connect to electricity grids while also supplying reliable power to the rapidly expanding network of AI data centers.

By restricting Chinese suppliers, the administration hopes to reduce the risk that critical AI infrastructure could be disrupted through cyberattacks, espionage or supply chain manipulation.

The policy also aligns with broader efforts to encourage companies to manufacture strategic technologies within the United States. Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent has previously warned that Chinese AI firms could face U.S. sanctions over alleged theft of American intellectual property, while administration officials have repeatedly argued that reducing dependence on Chinese technology is essential to long-term economic and national security.

Officials have also pointed to China’s dominance in rare earth minerals as an example of the risks associated with concentrated supply chains, after Beijing used export controls on critical minerals as leverage during recent trade disputes.

China Condemns Restrictions

China criticized the latest measures, urging Washington to stop targeting Chinese companies.

The Chinese embassy in Washington said Beijing “urges the United States to heed the objective and rational voices of the business communities in both countries” and “stop smearing Chinese companies and threatening them with sanctions.”

The embassy added that China would “take all necessary measures in response to any action that causes material harm to its interests.”

The latest restrictions are likely to add further strain to already tense U.S.-China technology relations, which have increasingly focused on AI, semiconductors, telecommunications and advanced manufacturing.

One of the companies expected to be most affected is Unitree Robotics, one of China’s leading humanoid robot manufacturers.

According to Counterpoint Research, Unitree controls nearly one-fifth of the global humanoid robot market. The company was recently added to the Pentagon’s list of companies alleged to have links to China’s military, a designation that often precedes additional U.S. restrictions.

Unitree recently announced a partnership with Nvidia to use Nvidia’s Blackwell AI chips as the computing platform for its robots. Nvidia has said data generated by the robots will remain in the United States and noted that many of Unitree’s customers are American universities and research institutions.

Nevertheless, U.S. officials remain concerned that connected robots could potentially collect sensitive information or be remotely compromised.

The FCC warned that advanced robots “collect data that could be leveraged by malign actors to surveil Americans, enhance the capabilities of foreign intelligence services, or to remotely commandeer the robots.”

Representative John Moolenaar, chairman of the House Select Committee on China, welcomed the FCC’s action.

“The FCC move protects our country and strengthens our nation’s robotics industry,” he said.

Inverters Also Under Scrutiny

The administration’s restrictions also target Chinese-made connected power inverters, another area where China has become the dominant global supplier. Companies including Sungrow Power Supply and Huawei Technologies have expanded rapidly by offering lower-priced equipment to international markets.

Washington has become increasingly concerned that internet-connected energy equipment could be exploited to disrupt electricity grids or critical infrastructure.

The latest action follows similar concerns raised in Europe and builds on earlier U.S. cybersecurity investigations involving Chinese-made networking equipment. Officials have cited the Volt Typhoon cyber campaign, uncovered in 2023, in which hackers linked by U.S. authorities to China allegedly compromised privately owned routers to conceal subsequent attacks targeting American critical infrastructure.

The Department of Defense already prohibits procurement of solar photovoltaic cells, modules and inverters manufactured by entities designated as foreign adversaries, including Chinese firms.

Non-Chinese Suppliers Expected To Benefit

According to Reuters, the FCC is expected to exempt many non-Chinese manufacturers from the new restrictions, following a similar approach used in recent rules affecting foreign drones and networking equipment. That could provide opportunities for manufacturers based in the United States, Europe, Japan and South Korea as demand grows for AI infrastructure, industrial robotics and power management systems.

The latest measures demonstrate that the Trump administration is expanding its technology security strategy beyond chips to encompass the broader ecosystem needed to support artificial intelligence.

By targeting robotics and power infrastructure alongside semiconductors, Washington is seeking to secure every layer of the AI supply chain while encouraging domestic production in industries expected to experience rapid growth over the coming decade.

FIFA Announces Plan to Create $20bn Commercial Unit and Sell Stakes to Investors, Faces UEFA Backlash

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FIFA has unveiled plans to create a new commercial subsidiary valued at about $20 billion to oversee the World Cup and its other major competitions, marking one of the most significant restructurings in the organization’s history and triggering a fierce backlash from UEFA, which accused world football’s governing body of attempting to “sell the soul” of the sport.

The proposal would see FIFA establish FIFA Forward Enterprise (FFE), a standalone commercial entity responsible for managing the governing body’s commercial rights and event operations. While FIFA would retain full control over governance, competitions and regulatory matters, it plans to sell minority stakes of up to 20% in the subsidiary to external investors, potentially raising about $4.2 billion to fund football development worldwide.

The move signals FIFA’s ambition to unlock the growing commercial value of global football while tapping private capital to accelerate investment in infrastructure, grassroots development and women’s football. It also represents another step in FIFA President Gianni Infantino’s plan to expand the commercial reach of the sport beyond its traditional European power base.

According to Reuters, a vehicle established by Joshua Kushner, the brother of Jared Kushner, U.S. President Donald Trump’s son-in-law, is expected to lead the proposed investor consortium. FIFA said investment bank JPMorgan is advising on bringing in outside investors, while former Liberty Media CEO Greg Maffei has served as a commercial adviser on the transaction.

The proposal comes after FIFA staged its biggest-ever World Cup across the United States, Canada and Mexico, a tournament that further demonstrated the immense commercial appeal of the competition through record sponsorship, broadcasting and hospitality revenues.

Unlike a sale of FIFA itself, the governing body stressed that investors would only acquire minority interests in the commercial subsidiary and would have no operational authority over football governance.

“Football is the world’s most popular sport and an extraordinary engine of human and social development,” FIFA President Gianni Infantino said.

“Parts of the game have turned that popularity into remarkable commercial value, and we celebrate that success and want it to continue, because it lifts the whole game.

“Our job is to make sure the rest of football grows with it: FIFA exists to support sustainable, inclusive development in every corner of the world.”

FIFA emphasized that it would retain exclusive authority over the Laws of the Game, international competitions, the match calendar and all sporting and regulatory decisions.

The organization said proceeds from the capital raise would fund an optional development program under which each of FIFA’s 211 member associations could receive up to $20 million in one-time funding for projects including football infrastructure, coaching, youth development, national teams, grassroots football and the women’s game. That amount would increase to $24 million during the 2035-2038 funding cycle.

Infantino, who is seeking another term as FIFA president next year, said the initiative is intended to spread football’s financial success more evenly across the world.

“This is about the democratization of football worldwide,” he said.

UEFA Attacks Proposal

The announcement immediately deepened long-running tensions between FIFA and UEFA, whose relationship has deteriorated over disagreements over tournament expansion, governance, scheduling and commercial strategy.

UEFA issued an unusually strong rebuke, warning that football’s governing institutions should never monetize ownership of the sport’s flagship competitions.

“UEFA takes it extremely seriously,” the European governing body said.

“So should every National Football Association. So should every stakeholder: leagues, clubs, players, supporters, governments and everyone who cares about the future of the game.

“The soul and governance of football are not assets to trade, especially with zero transparency as to who gains financially. None of us are the owners of football. It is not FIFA’s to sell.”

The criticism is born out of concerns within European football that increasing reliance on private capital could reshape how major tournaments are managed and monetized, even if FIFA retains formal control over governance. Relations between the two organizations have become increasingly strained in recent years. UEFA President Aleksander Ceferin notably skipped the most recent World Cup final following disagreements over disciplinary matters, refereeing logistics and tournament operations.

Political and Academic Criticism

The proposal also attracted criticism outside football. British Prime Minister Andy Burnham warned that the World Cup should not become an investment asset.

“The World Cup is not a product. It is the greatest competition in world sport, and it was never anyone’s to sell,” Burnham wrote on X.

“Dress the deal up however you like. Once you have sold a piece of it, you have sold out.”

According to Reuters, Richard Sheehan, a finance professor at the University of Notre Dame who specializes in sports economics, described the proposal as inconsistent with FIFA’s status as a not-for-profit governing body.

“From the perspective of a not-for-profit organization, theoretically raising money to make soccer available to everyone, this move is a farce,” Sheehan said.

A Broader Shift in Sports Finance

In recent years, investment firms have deployed billions of dollars into sports assets ranging from Formula One and Major League Baseball franchises to European football clubs and media rights businesses, attracted by predictable long-term cash flows and growing global audiences.

Should the transaction proceed, FIFA would become one of the largest international sporting organizations to carve out its commercial operations into a separate investment vehicle while maintaining regulatory control, potentially creating a model that other sports governing bodies could examine.

Supporters believe the structure would unlock billions of dollars for football development without surrendering sporting authority. Critics, however, contend it risks increasing financial influence over one of the world’s most important sporting institutions and raises questions about transparency, accountability and the long-term commercialization of the World Cup.

The proposal will now be presented to FIFA’s 211 member associations and the FIFA Council, which will have the final authority to approve or reject the plan. Approval would mark a historic shift in how football’s richest governing body finances its future and could reshape the commercial aspect of the global game for decades.

Zuckerberg Pushes Open AI Vision, Rejects Job Loss Fears and Warns Against Concentrating Power

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Mark Zuckerberg has laid out fresh ideas as he pushes to shape the debate over artificial intelligence, noting this time that the technology should be open, broadly accessible and designed to empower individuals rather than concentrate power in the hands of a few companies.

Over the past week, the Meta Platforms chief executive laid out his vision for AI through an open letter, an opinion piece in The Wall Street Journal and a rare interview with The New York Times, presenting a consistent message that contrasts with the more cautious approach adopted by several leading AI developers.

His remarks come as competition among major technology companies intensifies over the development of increasingly powerful AI models, with policymakers also debating how the technology should be governed and who should control access to it.

AI Should Remain Open and Decentralized

A central theme of Zuckerberg’s recent public appearances was his opposition to concentrating advanced AI capabilities within a small number of companies. He argued that the United States’ technological leadership has historically been driven by open innovation rather than centralized control and warned that restricting access to advanced AI models could ultimately weaken America’s competitive position.

In his open letter, Zuckerberg wrote that America’s “advantage is decentralized and open innovation,” adding that limiting access to AI models in an effort to prevent China from benefiting would “only disadvantage the U.S. and its allies.”

Meta, Zuckerberg’s social media conglomerate, has a long-standing strategy of making many of its AI models openly available, a position that differs from companies that keep their most advanced systems proprietary.

During his interview with The New York Times, Zuckerberg also challenged what he described as overly pessimistic narratives surrounding artificial intelligence.

“So much of the discourse from a lot of the other labs that are developing this is overwhelmingly filled with doom,” he said.

“There needs to be a voice or several voices that are bringing realism to this debate.”

He also questioned whether a single AI system could ever fairly represent the interests of billions of people.

“I think it is literally impossible to have a single benevolent superintelligence that is simultaneously aligned with everyone at once,” Zuckerberg said.

Meta has for long held a broader argument that allowing multiple organizations to develop AI systems could produce greater diversity, competition and innovation than concentrating the technology under a handful of developers.

Rejecting Predictions of Widespread Job Losses

Zuckerberg also dismissed concerns that AI will eliminate large numbers of jobs, taking a more optimistic stance than some economists and technology executives who have warned of significant labor market disruption.

“I don’t understand why anyone who believes that AI will eliminate most jobs and much of humanity’s relevance would rush to build that future,” he wrote in his Wall Street Journal essay.

Instead, Zuckerberg argued that widely available AI will lower barriers to entrepreneurship, enable more people to build businesses and ultimately create new employment opportunities. He said the technology would expand economic activity by making sophisticated capabilities accessible to individuals and smaller companies that previously lacked the necessary resources.

The comments stand in contrast to growing concerns across industries that generative AI could automate administrative work, software development, customer service, content creation and other white-collar occupations.

While many economists expect AI to reshape labor markets, there remains considerable debate over whether the technology will primarily displace existing jobs or create new categories of work over the longer term.

AI’s Greatest Value Lies In Enabling Invention

Rather than viewing artificial intelligence primarily as a tool for replacing human labor, Zuckerberg noted that its most significant contribution will be helping people create products, solve scientific challenges and accelerate innovation.

“Invention, not automation, will be the greatest contribution of superintelligence,” he wrote in The Wall Street Journal.

According to Zuckerberg, AI could help accelerate breakthroughs ranging from new medicines and scientific discoveries to technologies that make it easier for entrepreneurs to develop businesses and tackle complex problems.

He also emphasized that individuals should retain the freedom to determine how they use increasingly capable AI systems.

“The history of democracy and economics has shown that there is no single objective answer to how people define the best life,” Zuckerberg wrote.

“And therefore the best approach is letting people decide what matters to them.”

Zuckerberg’s latest assertions underpin an increasingly clear philosophical divide within the AI industry.

While several leading AI companies have emphasized the need for tighter safeguards, centralized oversight and careful deployment of increasingly powerful models, Meta continues to advocate for broader access and open development, betting that innovation is more likely to flourish when advanced AI tools are widely distributed.

AI Chip Giants Lose $1.3tn In Market Value As Investors Unwind Crowded Trade

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The world’s largest semiconductor companies have lost about $1.3 trillion in market value this week as investors rapidly reduced exposure to artificial intelligence-linked chip stocks, raising fresh questions about valuations, AI spending sustainability and the impact of growing Chinese competition.

The selloff has hit the biggest beneficiaries of the AI boom, with investors who poured billions of dollars into semiconductor companies now reassessing whether recent gains have moved too far ahead of underlying earnings growth.

According to a CNBC analysis using FactSet data, 20 of the world’s most valuable chip stocks have shed $1.3 trillion in combined market capitalization since Friday’s market close.

Nvidia led the losses, losing about $238 billion in market value. Memory chipmakers SK Hynix, Samsung Electronics and Micron Technology lost approximately $176 billion, $173 billion and $113 billion, respectively.

Other major casualties included Advanced Micro Devices, which shed about $110 billion, and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, which lost about $119 billion.

The decline marks a sharp reversal for a sector that has driven global equity gains over the past year on expectations that artificial intelligence would create a prolonged boom in demand for chips, data centers and advanced computing infrastructure.

The Philadelphia Semiconductor Index (SOX), which tracks 30 major U.S.-listed semiconductor companies, has gained 92% over the past 12 months, even after falling nearly 20% over the past month.

Analysts said the latest correction appears to be driven more by investor sentiment and positioning than by a deterioration in company fundamentals.

“This decline appears to be driven largely by sentiment rather than fundamentals,” said Michael Field, chief equity strategist at Morningstar.

“Numerous firms, including ASM and Samsung, have reported earnings that continue to show strong growth, with results generally beating estimates and many firms even raising forward guidance.”

However, Field noted that valuations had become stretched in parts of the semiconductor industry.

“So the recent declines in companies such as AMD and Micron have simply brought valuations back to more reasonable levels,” he said.

Asian Chip Stocks Extend Losses

The selloff continued across Asian markets on Wednesday, with semiconductor companies leading declines after another weak session for U.S. technology stocks.

South Korea remained at the center of the turmoil.

SK Hynix shares dropped 9.61% after falling more than 15% earlier in the session, despite reporting record quarterly revenue and profit. Investors focused instead on the company’s failure to exceed elevated market expectations.

Samsung Electronics fell more than 5%, while LG Innotek declined 10.89% and Seoul Semiconductor dropped 8.89%.

The weakness reflected concerns that AI-related semiconductor stocks had become overly crowded trades, particularly after months of aggressive retail and institutional buying.

“The ongoing deleveraging process in Korea and softer sentiment towards global technology stocks” have contributed to the recent weakness, said Kieron Poon, investment director of Asian equities at Aberdeen Investments.

However, he added that the volatility “has not changed our long-term positive view.”

Japanese chip stocks also suffered losses.

Kioxia Holdings dropped 13.85%, while Tokyo Electron declined 10.59%.

SoftBank Group, which has significant exposure to artificial intelligence through its investment in Arm Holdings, fell 6.95%.

TSMC, the world’s largest contract chip manufacturer, declined 3.51%.

European chip stocks were mixed, with ASML falling 1.77%, ASM International down 3.28%, while BE Semiconductor Industries gained 1.67%.

AI Financing Concerns Weigh On Sentiment

The latest market decline reflects broader investor concerns about whether the AI investment cycle can maintain its current pace.

Technology companies have committed hundreds of billions of dollars toward AI infrastructure, including advanced chips, data centers and cloud computing capacity. Investors have increasingly questioned whether those investments will generate sufficient returns and whether rising debt levels could pressure future profitability.

Recent advances by Chinese semiconductor companies have added another source of uncertainty. Investors have become concerned that China’s progress in developing domestic chip technologies could challenge the market position of established semiconductor companies, particularly as Beijing accelerates efforts to reduce dependence on foreign suppliers.

Despite the selloff, some investors view the decline as a correction rather than the beginning of a structural downturn. Aberdeen said the pullback has created opportunities to buy high-quality companies at more attractive valuations.

“The recent market pullback has brought valuations to more attractive levels, creating opportunities for us to add exposure to high quality businesses at more reasonable prices,” Poon said.

David Riedel, founder and president of Riedel Research Group, said the correction represents investors removing some excess enthusiasm from the AI trade.

“The recent pullback in AI-related chip stocks reflects investors giving back a little bit of the froth that was in the AI market,” Riedel told CNBC’s “Squawk Box Asia.”

While acknowledging concerns over AI financing and Chinese competition, he said “the market is healthy” and added that memory chipmakers “will be fine” but “just have to give back some of those sudden gains.”

Market Rotation Emerges

Not all technology stocks suffered. Chinese internet companies listed in Hong Kong moved higher, bucking the broader regional weakness.

Tencent gained 4.29%, while Meituan rose 2.05%. Alibaba Group, Baidu and Kuaishou Technology also traded higher.

The divergence is seen as an indication that investors are not abandoning technology broadly but are rotating away from the most expensive AI-linked semiconductor names after a historic rally.

China Reportedly Begins Mass Production Of Homegrown DUV Lithography Machines

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China has begun mass-producing domestically developed immersion deep-ultraviolet (DUV) lithography machines, marking one of its most significant advances yet in semiconductor manufacturing.

The move is part of Beijing’s accelerating efforts to reduce reliance on foreign technology amid escalating U.S.-led export restrictions.

The production effort is being led by Shanghai Aishengna Electronic Technology Group, a little-known state-owned company established specifically to advance China’s lithography ambitions, according to a source who spoke to Reuters.

The company has assembled engineering teams from several of China’s leading lithography developers, including Shanghai Micro Electronics Equipment (SMEE) and Yuliangsheng, in an attempt to narrow the technology gap with Dutch industry leader ASML.

The development represents another milestone in President Xi Jinping’s campaign to build a self-sufficient semiconductor supply chain, a national priority that has intensified since Washington and its allies tightened restrictions on China’s access to advanced chipmaking equipment.

While the breakthrough is strategically significant, industry analysts caution that it does not pose an immediate commercial threat to ASML, whose decades-long technological lead remains substantial.

Technology publication The Information first reported on Monday that a state-backed company in Shanghai had begun manufacturing immersion DUV systems and planned to produce around five units this year before increasing output to approximately 20 machines in 2027. Reuters is the first to identify the company behind the project as Shanghai Aishengna Electronic Technology Group.

According to the source, the new Chinese-developed equipment still requires extensive validation and remains well behind ASML’s commercial systems in terms of performance, reliability and manufacturing maturity.

Nevertheless, successful deployment would provide China’s largest semiconductor manufacturers with an alternative source of lithography equipment should Western governments impose additional restrictions on exports or servicing of foreign-made tools.

The machines are expected to be delivered later this year to leading Chinese chipmakers, including Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corp. (SMIC), Hua Hong Semiconductor and memory manufacturer ChangXin Memory Technologies (CXMT), according to The Information.

Immersion DUV lithography is one of the most critical technologies used in semiconductor manufacturing. By placing a thin layer of water between the projection lens and the silicon wafer, the systems achieve finer circuit patterns than conventional dry lithography machines.

Although DUV systems cannot match the capabilities of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography for manufacturing the world’s most advanced chips, they remain indispensable for producing a broad range of semiconductors. Through multiple-patterning techniques, immersion DUV tools can also manufacture relatively advanced processors, albeit at higher cost and with greater production complexity than EUV.

The emergence of a domestic alternative carries strategic importance because ASML has long dominated the global market for both DUV and EUV lithography equipment.

China has been barred from purchasing ASML’s most advanced EUV systems under U.S.-led export controls, while Dutch authorities have also restricted exports of several advanced immersion DUV machines. Those measures were designed to slow China’s progress in producing cutting-edge semiconductors for applications including artificial intelligence, advanced computing and military systems.

Ironically, export restrictions have also accelerated Beijing’s determination to develop indigenous alternatives.

Aishengna itself illustrates the scale of that national effort. The company was established in August 2023 with registered capital of 7 billion yuan ($1 billion), backed by Shanghai Electric Holding and a subsidiary of Shanghai International Trust, according to corporate records.

Despite its strategic role, the company has maintained an exceptionally low public profile. It has no public website and has disclosed virtually no information about its operations.

The source said Aishengna has integrated personnel from Yuliangsheng, which reportedly began testing a DUV prototype last year, and SMEE, China’s best-known lithography equipment manufacturer. Corporate filings and recruitment records also show that Aishengna and Yuliangsheng share the same address in Shanghai.

Yuliangsheng is affiliated with Huawei-backed semiconductor equipment company SiCarrier, another key participant in China’s broader semiconductor self-reliance strategy.

The development also demonstrates how China’s semiconductor industry is becoming increasingly coordinated, with state capital, equipment manufacturers and major technology firms pooling expertise to overcome Western technology restrictions.

Even so, analysts argue investors may be overestimating the immediate commercial implications for ASML.

The report initially triggered an 8% sell-off in ASML shares on Monday before the stock stabilized, falling a further 1.6% on Tuesday. Analysts noted that the decline was broadly in line with weakness across European semiconductor stocks, although ASML underperformed the wider STOXX 600 index.

Market observers caution that building a functioning lithography machine is only the beginning.

For semiconductor manufacturers, the true benchmark is whether the equipment can consistently deliver high-volume commercial production with competitive yields, precision and reliability over thousands of production cycles.

“Producing a handful of immersion DUV tools is not the same as producing tools that can be used for high-volume manufacturing, where yield, overlay, throughput and reliability over thousands of wafer runs are what matter,” JPMorgan analysts wrote in a note.

Those engineering challenges help explain why ASML has maintained its dominance for decades. The Dutch company has spent billions of dollars on research and development while building an ecosystem of highly specialized suppliers spanning optics, precision mechanics, laser systems and software. Replicating that manufacturing expertise is widely viewed as far more difficult than assembling a working prototype.

China’s longer-term ambitions extend beyond DUV. Reuters reported in December that Chinese researchers had completed a prototype EUV lithography system, although commercial production remains years away. EUV technology represents a substantially greater engineering challenge, relying on ultra-short wavelengths, highly complex optics and precision components that ASML spent more than two decades developing alongside partners such as Intel, TSMC and Samsung.

Despite Beijing’s rapid progress, China remains an important market for ASML. Chinese customers accounted for roughly 16% of the company’s net system sales during the first half of the year, largely through purchases of less advanced DUV equipment that remains permissible under current export rules.

Ultimately, China’s new DUV machines are unlikely to undermine ASML’s global leadership in the near term as they represent an insurance policy for Beijing, reducing dependence on foreign suppliers.